data of river network and the raster data of terrain elevation. Secondly, 
spatial analysis in an urban GIS environment would be most effectively 
constructed when the user is provided with better toolkits for 
constructing, visualizing and processing databases, for building applications 
and for accessing one-line expertise (knowledge about data and methodology, 
etc.) [Dutton, 1991]. Therefore, more flexible application toolkits should be 
taken into consideration. 
Acknowledgments 
The funding of this research work was partly by a research grant of National 
Natural Science Foundation of China and also by the Scientific Foundation of 
the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. 
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