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2. Ground Controls, Aerial Photos and Reference Maps 
The 2nd investigation step was fundamental data acquisition of 
ground controls, aerial photos and reference maps of the damaged 
area for 3 D deformation measurement by the WG. 
2.1 Ground controls before and after the Earthquake 
As far as GPS ground controls are concerned, this area was in the 
transitional stage towards GPS continuous observation stations. 
Supervisory organizations, such as G.S.l., Kobe city, Nishinomiya 
city, Toyonaka city and Osaka city have been setting GPS stations. 
Just after the earthquake , G.S.l. started to install so called dense 
GPS control network in this area for the continuous observation of 
the earth surface movement in cm accuracy. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Organization |before the Just after the |1 year after the 
from west Earthquake Earthquake Earthquake 
Kobe 3D traversing |GPS(70) dense GPS GC 
city(544 sqkm) |1st order (423) 
Leveling 
Ashiya no specified -—-------- [under planning 
city( 17 sqkm) |own controls 
Nishinomiya 3D traversing |GPS(85) completed 
city( 99 sqkm) |1st order 
Amagasaki 3D traversing _ |---—————— [under planning 
city( 50 sqkm) |1st order 
Toyonaka GPS GPS(39) GPS(2065) 
city( 37 sqkm) |1st order 1st order 2nd 3rd order 
Osaka 3D traversing |GPS check(30) |under planning 
city(220 sqkm) |1st order 
GS.L 3D traversing |GPS(20) dense GPS GC 
1st-3rd Trig. Pt. (250) 
  
input work. To make the matter worse, a map room in Kobe city 
hall was crushed, when the building collapsed in the Earthquake. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Organization|Photo Period Purpose No. 
(Map) Photos 
scale 
Kobe city 1|1:4000 1994 Road Approx. 
(1: 500) management | 100 
Mapping 
Ashiya city |1:4000 1992 Sewerage |Approx. 
(1: 500 Mapping 50 
Nishinomiya |1:10000 [1994 Taxation Approx. 
city (1: 1000) Mapping 20 
Amagasaki |1:12500 11992 Urban Approx. 
city (1: 2500) planning 20 
Mapping 
Toyonaka  |1:3000 1994-1996 |Road Approx. 
city (1: 500 management |360 
Mapping 
Osaka 1:10000 11992 Urban Approx. 
city (1: 2500) planning 65 
Mapping 
Tab.4 Large scale aerial photos( Triangulated) 
The existing triangulated aerial photos are stored separately in 
different mapping companies, and not yet handled, as public 
infrastructure, in a common public depository. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Tab. 3 GPS ground controls after the Earthquake 
22 Large scale aerial photos before the Earthquake 
According to the current surveying regulation, most of the 
municipalities in the damaged area had some sort of large scale 
aerial photos before the earthquake, for the following purposes. 
Those zones are quite sparse in shape and documentation are 
quite individual and diapositives are in different mapping companies 
based on proprietary contracts. 
23 Reference maps in the Earthquake area 
Reference maps are sold separately, sheet by sheet by different 
organizations and some sheets were sold out after the earthquake 
and reprinted after several months. 
For rapid investigation most maps were to be prepared in a digital 
or raster form rather than paper style, corresponding to the 
forthcoming digital processing. 
Many field researchers complained about time consuming data 
345 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Map type Scale Usage Utilization |No. Map 
Projection in Project |Sheet 
General Map |1:1,000,000 |Active Fault |General 1in3 
Lambert Maps overview 
Regional 1:500,000 |Active Fault |detailed 1in8 
Map Lambert Maps remark 
Topographic |1:200,000 |Geological |General 4in 130 
Map UTM Map overview 
Geomorpholo|1:50,000 Geological |Base Map 125 in 1291 
gic Map 1:25,000 Land Use [for 50 in 4383 
UTM Map Research 
1:10,000 Digital Base |Disaster 20 
UTM Map Map 
Local TM [FD Map 20 
Urban 1:2,500 Print Map  |Detailed Kobe 
Planning Map [Local TM Research 
Map 
Road 1:500 Print Map  |Detailed Kobe 
Registration |Local TM Research 
Map Map 
  
  
  
  
Tab.5 Reference Maps for the research 
Some reference maps, 
such as geological maps, are used by 
geological researchers in Japanese Geotechnical Society, with 
their borehole column charts in a proprietary database system. 
As opportunity permits we produced raster(image) data of these 
reference maps in the project. 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B4. Vienna 1996