Full text: XVIIIth Congress (Part B4)

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4. GPS Surveying and Aerial Triangulation of the entire area 
GPS surveying in this area was promoted just after the Earthquake 
by Japanese association of surveyors, Association of Precise 
Survey & Applied Technology and Geographical Survey Institute, 
as re-establishment of Triangular Point Networks in the area. 
Based on the reestablished( measured) GPS points, aerial 
photos( 1000 photos) after the earthquake, were triangulated, using 
analytical plotters and Albany bundle block adjustment software. 
Major characteristics of this aerial triangulation ( Kobe Project ), 
supported by the Ministry of Construction( Osaka National Road 
Management Office) are as follows; 
1) GPS Ground Controls 45 pts 
2) GPS Network Adjustment 
Closure of sessions( mean ) 27 sessions 
dx,dy,dz 0.002m,0.002m,0.007m 
0.012m,0.012m,0.016m 
3) Leveling, mostly in urban area 20 mms 
4) Photo Scale 1:4000,5000 - 10000 
5) No. Photos 608 (1:5000), 
6) Camera RC10 f = 153 mm 
7) Inner Orientation < 10um, Relative Orientation < 10um 
6 common sides 
315 (1:10000) 
8) Bundle Adjustment 
Est. SDUW 0.01 
Est. SDE px 0.01 py 0.01 
Gplani 0.10 Galti 0.05 
Adj. SDUW 0.01 
Image Residuals(vx,vy) 
0.0045,0.0048(mm) 
Intersection Residuals(dx,dy,dz) 
0.131,0.158,0.071(m) 
For the pilot area ( Ashiya area) 
1) GPS Ground Controls 12 pts 
2) GPS Network Adjustment 
Closure of sessions( mean ) 21 sessions 
dx,dy,dz 0.002m,0.003m,0.004m 
5 common sides — 0.008m,0.002m,0.006m 
3) Leveling, mostly in urban area 20 mms 
4) Photo Scale 1:4000 (Before), 1:5000 (After) 
5) No. Photos (1:4000), (1:5000) 
6) Camera RC10 f= 153 mm 
7) Inner Orientation < 10um, Relative Orientation < 5um 
8) Bundle Adjustment 
Est. SDUW 0.01 
Est. SDE px 0.01 py 0.01 
Gplani 0.10 Galti 0.05 
Adj. SDUW 0.01 
Image Residuals(vx,vy) 
0.0040,0.0040(mm) 
Intersection Residuals(dx,dy,dz) 
0.063,0.074,0.066(m) 
The results of simultaneous exterior orientation are transferred as 
347 
CAD drawings on 3D digital terrain model of Kobe area as shown 
below. 
Fig. 10 Triangulated Camera positions after Aerial Triangulation 
  
The results are converted into Database table of “ Kobe 
Earthquake aerial photo retrieval system” for the future 
reconstruction of the models, using either negative roll films or 
existing pricked and measured films, at arbitrary time even 100 
years after the earthquake. 
Japan missed many chances of this type to preserve 
photogrammetric records in the past major earthquakes and 
disasters. 
  
  
  
Fig 11 Faults and movements of the Ground controls 
The WG has now summarized the results of bundle aerial 
triangulation and movement of Ground controls in this area. 
These basic point distribution expresses regional overview of the 
crust movement explicitly on the existing rasterized geological 
maps . 
This was one of the important premises for forthcoming 
3Deformation measurement, using photogrammetric models. 
5. Deformation Measurements and their Presentation 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B4. Vienna 1996 
 
	        
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