A basic template image is produced from personal data 
such as height and chest. A series of animated cartoons 
are then produced using animation techniques. Figure 11 
shows a basic template for a model. A series of animated 
cartoons are shown in Figure 12. Because the model is 
imaged in profile the right shoulder, elbow and hand are 
almost hidden from view. These feature points are 
interpolated by using the respective left points. 
An automated feature points extraction is achieved from 
this template matching procedure. Figure 13 (a) shows 
sequential images as the model is walking along the wall 
perpendicular to the camera. The camera height for each 
sequential image is the same height which was computed 
from camera calibration. (b) shows a binary image of the 
original image and (c) shows the template image 
corresponding to each original image. (d) are the skeleton 
images which were only lined coordinates for each feature 
point. X and Y coordinates for the human feature points in 
each sequential image were calculated from equation (2). 
Figures 14 and 15 show the vertical and horizontal 
displacement for the hand and ankle. Figure 16 shows a 
cycle trace for these feature points at 6.77 to 8.83 
second interval. The center of body gravity of a human is 
one of the most important elements for dynamic analysis 
of human motion. In order to calculate the center of body 
gravity, a human body was segmented into 12 sections 
using feature points (Figure 10). Therefore, the center of 
body gravity can be obtained as the sum of product 
weight ratio which are shown in figure 17 and gravity 
coordinates for each section. 
Figure 18 shows the displacement for the center of body 
gravity. The horizontal displacement in these figures 
means the displacement from the head. The values 
below zero mean that each feature point is located 
behind the head. 
It may be seen from these figures that, 
1. Displacement for the circle motion of the left hand is 
larger than the right, while there are no noticeably 
differences between left and right ankle. 
2. The left ankle is located the farthest behind the head at 
7.03 and 8.27 sec. and the left hand is located at the 
highest position and the farthest in front of the head at 
the same moment. This cycle means one stride of walking 
and was analyzed as 1.24 seconds. 
3. Horizontal displacement for the center of body gravity 
is always located behind the head. 
4. When the left ankle is located the farthest behind (7.03 
and 8.27 sec.), the vertical displacement for the center of 
body gravity becomes the lowest values and the 
horizontal displacement between the body gravity and the 
head become shortest. 
5. It can be said that the changing of the center of body 
gravity is performed at 7.03, 7.63 and 8.27 sec. where 
both ankles are most extended. 
6.The model has large impulsive force from 6.77 to 
7.03sec. and from 7.93 to 8.27sec. since the large 
displacement of the body gravity means that kinetic 
energy and impulsive force are also large. 
7. All feature points except the right hand have large 
displacement at the same interval. 
Generalizing these results, it can be said that that the 
motion of the model in walking is controlled by the left 
hand. 
(mm) 
1200 
——LL — Left 
---A-- Right 
SN 
Time 
(sec. 883 853 827 793 763 733 708 677 
1000 
  
(a) Vertical displacement 
——LH—— Left X 
---A-- Right (mm) 
400 
300 
200 
100 
Time — 0 
Go) 7^ X 
8.83... 8.53. 8,27. “7,93 74683. 733. 708. 677 
(b) Horizontal displacement 
Figure 14. Displacement of the hand 
(mm) 
ist 
---A-- Right 
  
  
Time : } 
(sec.) 8.83 853 827 793 763 733 703 677 
(a) Vertical displacement 
—— Left 
---A-- Right 
  
  
883 853 827 793 763 733 703 677 
(b) Horizontal displacement 
Figure 15. Displacement of the ankle 
93 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B5. Vienna 1996