preparation of environmental cartography and realization of 
data banks and agroclimatology. 
Therefore, the Academy, in addition to being an institution that 
keeps historical archives, it is also a promotional centre of 
enterprises and research in order to face and solve the 
problems in the agricultural field. 
4. THE PROJECT REALIZATION 
In order to prepare a technical documentation of the damages 
caused by the explosion in Via Georgofili, a tridimensional 
numerical photogrammetric survey of the area was made. The 
boundaries on four sides were Via Castellani, the Arno river, 
Via Por Santa Maria and Piazza Signoria. 
The project included two distinct surveys: one made use of 
terrestrial photographs taken at the base of the Pulci tower; the 
other included aerial photographs over the area of attack. 
For the terrestrial survey, two pairs of overlapping photographs 
of the southern wall of the Pulci tower were taken.Spatial local 
coordinates of eight points on the same wall were determined 
by a conventional theodolite in order to control the geometry of 
the representation. 
LG.M.L’s surveyors took the terrestrial photographs with a 
single camera, the optical axis of which was inclined with 
respect to the horizon. It was mounted on a tripod and placed 
in sequence at the end points of a line, almost parallel with 
respect to the wall, 14 metres long and at a distance of 26 
metres from the tower, taking advantage of the operational 
conditions as best as possible. 
The numerical compilation of this southern wall (oriented 
toward the Amo river) was performed by means of an 
analytical stereoplotter equipped with special graphic software. 
The aerophotogrammetric flight was carried out by the 
“Compagnia Generale Ripreseaeree” of Parma with a single 
strip of four photographs, with 60% overlap, taken by a 
wideangle camera and a flying altitude of 1500 metres a.s.1. . 
The photogrammetric control points of the strip were made by 
supplementing a topographic network already arranged for a 
previous LG.M.I. cartographic survey. 
The three-imensional compilation of the aerial photos was 
performed by means of a mechanical projection stereoplotter 
equipped with encoders and powerful graphic software applied 
to a color workstation. 
The equipment's capabilities allowed for the integration of the 
terrestrial and aerial surveys in a unique three-dimensional 
model, representing the characteristic surfaces of the built-up 
area. 
In this manner the most important structural elements of the 
partially destroyed or damaged buildings were graphically 
represented, together with the surrounding ones. 
Several three-dimensional views were obtained. The simulated 
models correspond to  assonometric and  prospectic 
representations of fixed conditions of observation, 
illumination ‚time and position of the surveyed area. 
The images were successively submitted to an editing 
operation in order to improve the videographic definition 
without losing their characteristic digital appearance. 
This was, in fact, made possible by means of retouching 
software applied to a workstation of sixteen million colors. 
Final elaboration was made on another station dedicated to 
emulating the print of real colors; two types of corrections 
were carried out on each image: one was to modify the color’s 
intensity, while the other was to mask preferential areas in 
order to obtain the desired chromatic effects. 
The last phase of the project concerned the preparation of four- 
colour process films through a high precision laser-plotter. 
12 
5. THE IMAGES 
On the whole, forteen digital images were prepared whose 
characteristics are described below: 
Image 1 - General plan 
Simulation lighting : solar light 0.7, ambient light 0.3 
Time: May, 27 1993; hour 6 p.m. 
Geographical position : latitude N41°, longitude E15° 
Scale: 1/2000 
Image 2 - General perspective 
Exposure stations simulated conditions: camera focal length 
50mm., elevation 500m. 
Simulation lighting : solar light 0.7, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993; hour 6 p.m. 
Geographical position : lat. N41°, long. E15° 
Image 3 - Perspective view of the area directly hit by the 
explosion 
Exposure station’s simulated conditions : camera focal length 
50mm. elevation 150m. 
Simulation lighting : solar light 0.7, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993; hour 6 p.m. 
Geographical position : lat. N41°, long. E15° 
Image 4 - NorthWestern assonometric view of the Pulci tower 
Simulation lighting : solar light 1.00, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993; hour 6 p.m. 
Geographical position : lat. N41°, long. E15° 
Image 5 - Perspective view of the top stories of the tower and 
surrounding buildings 
Exposure stations simulated conditions : camera focal length 
28mm., elevation 10m. 
Simulation lighting : solar light 0.7, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993; hour 10 a.m. 
Geographical position : lat. N41°, long. E15° 
Image 6 - NorthWestern assonometric view of the tower and 
facing buildings 
Simulation lighting : solar light 1.00, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993; hour 10 a.m. 
Geographical position : lat. N41°, long. E15° 
Image 7 - Northern assonometric view of the tower and facing 
buildings 
Simulation lighting : solar light 1.00, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993; hour 10 a.m. 
Geographical position : lat. N41°, long. E15° 
Image 8 - Southern assonometric view of the tower and 
surrounding buildings 
Simulation lighting : solar light 1.00, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993; hour 10 a.m. 
Geographical position : lat. N41°, long. E15° 
Image 9 - SouthWestern assonometric view of the Pulci tower 
Simulation lighting : solar light 1.00, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993; hour 10 a.m. 
Geographical position : lat.N41°, long. E15° 
Image 10 - SouthWestern perspective view of explosion's 
effects 
Exposure station's simulated conditions : camera focal length 
85mm., elevation 140m. 
Simulation lighting : solar light 0.7, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993; hour 12 a.m. 
Geographical position : lat. N41*, long. E15? 
Image 11 - Western assonometric view of the Pulci tower 
Simulation lighting: solar light 1.00, ambient light 0.3 
Time : May, 27 1993, hour 6 p.m. 
Geographical position : lat. N41°, long. E15° 
Image 12 - Western perspective view of the Pulci tower 
Exposure station’s simulated conditions : camera focal length 
35mm., elevation 70m. 
Simulation lighting : solar light 0.7, ambient light 0.3 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B5. Vienna 1996