M+1-m) 
(2.D.4) 
-])- m) 
2,..., M) 
(2.D.5) 
| (2.D.6) 
c^ (M) 
(2.D.7) 
M 
ity 
(2.D.8) 
predict is 
ten, which 
ial system 
onents. 
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 
A. Accuracy with Calibration 
Table 1 Accuracy of Biosterometrics 
  
  
  
stepl | without calibration 5.24 mm 
principal point 
Sepia difference 523 mm 
step 3 + lends distortion 3.48 mm 
  
  
  
  
  
New Bird Man System has steps of calibration, 
accuracy is depended on problems of camera 
distortion, A/D convertor, image processing and 
velocity of person movement, etc, but Table 1 
shows it's enough to analyze of walking. 
B. Biomechanical Analysis 
Kcal Case A 
normal It. leg normal rt. 
/ 
  
  
Case B 
normal It. leg Se Sd rt. leg 
  
  
Kcal Case C 
  
  
| ^normal rt. leg 5°C 
All | Fig4 Metabolic Energy (Z axis) 
All persons who walked naturally under normal or 
stressed conditions on their legs in same distance. 
Not mechanical energy, Fig. 4 shows the change of 
metabolic energy (medical data) of right and left 
knee joint during walking in z axis. 
In this study, the change in z axis explains a 
balance of the body in right and left side. 
In case A, natural normal walking, both knees of 
most people had approximately same changes of 
metabolic energy. 
In case B, experimentally stressed walking, i.e., a 
right knee and ankle fixed by a knee-ankle-foot 
plastic medial orthosis, both knee had large 
changes, especially unfixed knee not stressed one. 
In case C, a damaged leg of some persons, who had 
experienced a broken leg or knee ligament, had a 
small change, but when a damaged leg became 
supporting one, a large change. 
Fig. 5 shows displacement of knee joint in x axis. In 
this study, the change in x axis, the direction of 
walking. Biomechanical analysis suggested the 
three features. 
X axis 
Case À 
  
  
sec 
  
sec 
m Case C 
  
  
sec 
Fig. 5 Displacement of Knee (X-axis) 
569 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B5. Vienna 1996