of the Vienna Technical 
photocoordinates of the 
the determination of 
he following unknowns: 
of the projection centers 
e inner orientation and 
inner orientation was 
5 control points placed 
used as principal by the 
inner orientation was 
from the stations F3 and 
on F1 (with different z ' 
2 placed in the border of 
es of control and detail 
djustment for all the 
S. 
mera stations are given 
S between the camera 
  
dz 
m 
73.7 
0 
55.0 
  
  
  
  
  
arameters and spatial 
0:9! 
riant OR 1 were used 5 
the dam only. Because 
ion Fl and F3 is 74 m, 
of the photograph from 
situation is also for the 
5 were determined by 
n f= 0,012 m (5) 
1a 1996 
For the control and observed points together we reached these 
values of RMS: 
m y2 = 2,7 mm 
m x2 — 2,0 mm m z2 —2,6 mm (7) 
4. Comparison of the analytical spatial intersection using 
theSAS method and ORIENT system with ground survey. 
The basis for the comparison of the photogrammetric methods 
(SAS and ORIENT) were the results summarized in Table 1 
and Table 5. Through the RMS and their systematic errors 
(AVG) we attempted to evaluate the reliability of the 
photograph parameters determination 
Systematic errors of theSAS method 
The single SAS method at present use the average of the 
photogrammetric angles from 3 or 4 photographs and spatial 
photogrammetric intersection from the stations F1, F3, F5 (Fig 
1). 
The photogrammetric angles are calculated from corrected 
photocoordinates as a function of photograph parameters (inner 
orientation and rotations). Differences between ground and 
photogrammetric coordinates in Table 1 show these systematic 
errors (AVG): 
c ya = 0,2 mm 
C xa = -2,2 mm C za = 1,5 mm (8) 
Systematic errors of the ORIENT - OR 2 
Differences between bundle adjustment of the variant OR 2 
and ground survey have shown the systematic errors (AVG in 
Table 5) less than 1 mm: 
c 2 = 0,9 mm (9) 
c x2 = 0,1 mm c y2 = -0,8 mm 
The systematic errors according to ( 9 ) show that the ORIENT 
system compensates the systematic errors of the photograph 
parameters very good. In the opposite of them the necessity of 
6 - 8 control points were too large. 
Projection centers "zo" - the main problem 
The main problem consist in the determination of projection 
center in zo direction. When the control points were placed in a 
quarter of the photograph only (Table 3) dzo were within 
-9 to -15 mm. On the other hand when the control points were 
placed optimal (Table 4) dzo were within -2 to -6 mm. 
69 
5. Conclusion 
The results archieved by two photogrammetric methods the 
SAS and the ORIENT have shown that both methods can be 
used for the periodical measurements of the rockfill dam 
displacements. 
The SAS method is simplier compare with ORIENT but at 
present it doesn't have an adjustment program. The photograph 
parameters are computed from ground angles measured from 
camera stations on the control points. The spatial coordinates 
are determined by analytical intersection. 
The ORIENT is a bundle adjustment software. The photograph 
parameters and spatial coordinates are computed from ground 
coordinates and photocoordinates of control and detail points 
by bundle adjustment. The accuracy of both method is 
comparable. 
The application of both methods requires the following 
conditions: 
- the accuracy of the horizontal and vertical angle 
measurements must be approx. 1" to 2" 
- the accuracy of the photocoordinate measurements have to be 
approx. 1 to 2 um 
- the ground coordinates of the projection centers by SAS 
method or the ground coordinates of control points by ORIENT 
system must be determined with accuracy within 1 to 2 mm in 
monitoring network of the rockfill dam 
Acknowledgement: Author thanks Mrs. Ing. Michaela 
Ragalová for the processing of data by the ORIENT and dr. H. 
Kager for consulting of the ORIENT application. 
References 
ORIENT (1991) 
The Universal Photogrammetric Adjustment Package Manual, 
(inGerman),Manual TU Vienna 
Cernansky, J. (1995) 
Application of the Analytical and Digital Photogrammetric 
System for 3-D Measurement of the Concrete Walls, Presented 
Paper, Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques III - Vienna, 
1995, H. Wichmann Verlag , pp. 435-444 
Cernansky, J. (1995) 
Application of ORIENT Analytical Software and SAS Method 
on the Rockfill Dam, Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering, 
STU Bratislava, pp.19-25 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B5. Vienna 1996