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surfaces of geologic and geographic objects in the radiowave ran-
ge, including statistical data on the affect of various natural
factors (surface texture, rocks, relief, vegetation and soil co-
ver, moisture, electric conductivity and density of rocks) on the
radar image pattern.
New multiband side-looking radar systems employing decemeter-
and meter-wave bands will provide greater opportunity for the stu-
dy of the geological structure of the Earth's surface. The appli-
cation of long-wave bands to the sounding of substrata will great-
ly contribute to the solving of some engineering-geological and
hydrogeological problems (investigation of permafrost ground and
talik zones, search for fresh-water horizons and distinguish them
from mineralized ones), prospecting of ore-bearing zones of higher
electric conductivity etc.
The working out and application of satellite radar systems
capable to provide information in any weather seem extremely im-
portant.
In 70-th, thermal images obtained by USSR-made airborne
IR systems in 1.8-5.3 and 7.0-14.0 pm bands were applied in the
course of combined aerial and ground geological, geographical
and environmental investigations.
Due to the fact that the majority of natural objects and phe-
nomena are accompanied by temperature contrasts, the rapid recor-
ding of the contrasts over large areas provide valuable geologic
and geographic infomation which is hardly obtainable by other
methods.
As a result of experimental airborne thermal surveys carried
out in different regions of the USSR (in Kamchatka, Baikal-Amur
Railway region, Kazakhstan, Central Asia etc.), a great volume of
information has been acquired which made it possible to elaborate
the airborne thermal technique and image interpretation method
which are important for solving certain geological, engineering-
geological, hydrogeological and other problems, as well as to ass-
ess the role of the temperature field as an indicator of objects
and phenomena occurring on the Earth's surface or in deeper hori-
zons and select most efficient thermal technique applications.
In the field of volcanology, thermal maps of volcanoes have
been compiled on the basis of airborne thermal survey data, which
help improve knowledge of their geological structure and predict
their probable recurrance. The elaborated special-purpose techni-
que makes it possible to study the temperature pattern of geo-
thermal fields of crators.
Some active volcanoes of Kamchatka, i.e. Avacha, Mutnovskiy,
Karymskiy, Goreliy, Kikhpinych, Ebeko etc., thermal springs, gey-
sers, mud pots, fumaroles and major fault zones with which thermal
manifistations are associated were studied in detail.
The possibility of acquiring new geological information by
the thermal technique is due to high 'sensitivity' of the latter
509
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