for ice and 
athods. This 
1e applica- 
tent, estimate 
“curate water 
je possible 
unusual 
rphosis. 
ther shown 
305 7; 
red by use of 
1d texture as 
forms 
) Separate 
ar, much more 
MAP classifiers. 
ch. complicate 
during the 
countered 
tial in young 
sing two or 
) and 
+ 10% for multi-year concentration despite the low resolution spatially implied 
for spaceborne sensors. 
The same sensor combinations have important demonstrated applications for ice 
shelves, glaciers and icebergs, The latter being best investigated with airborne 
SAR using large incidence angles. 
New correction terms developped for IR radiometers have enabled temperature 
measurements of + 0.15 K, which have been applied to understanding the North 
Water phenomena. 
MISCELLANEOUS COMMENTS 
- Coherent speckle complicates identification of small targets (e.g. icebergs 
in an ocean background or a multi-year floe in first-year pack ice) even 
though sufficient contrast may be availabe in an extended target situation. 
Multi-look systems are desirable. 
- Distinct textural features of some ice forms maybe used to resolve ambiguities 
which exist on the basis of brightness level alone. These are amenable to 
machine classification. 
- There is a multiplying effect of definitive information, when both active and 
passive sensors are used in concert. 
- Active sensors should be applied at incidence angles » 30° and frequencies 
> L-Band for ice and snow. 
- ISPRS must coordinate its work in the remote sensing application disciplines 
with their international societies. 
CONCLUSION 
The cryosphere is a sensitive indicator of global climate and energy budget. 
Several fundamental properties of Arctic regions such as bathymetry, ice 
dynamics and thermal processes are largely unknow. During the sessions, it was 
shown that careful remote sensing measurements have opened new insights and 
questions to this region.