ta. In 
essary 
ations. 
aerial 
andard 
rsonal 
nce of 
paper. 
digital 
r- und 
ischen 
1g auf 
ntypen 
1- und 
e- und 
ig und 
> neue 
lb der 
rrektur 
al data 
ormats 
graphs 
alings. 
(js and 
| data 
itioned 
angles 
Image 
py two 
) scale 
remote 
00 and 
restrial 
20. For 
jraphic 
flatbed 
er data 
restrial 
zed or 
stration 
Both data types have to be displayed and edited by the 
visualization and measuring software. 
1.2 Education Goal 
Digital photogrammetric methods require knowledge of 
the image data sets, the annotation data and all 
necessary algorithms to produce the digital output. 
Therefore the candidates or students have to learn how 
digital data sets have to be processed in order to reach 
“ good quality and accuracy in the processing results. 
This is shown by digitized aerial photographs, satellite 
images and digitized maps. Additional ground control 
points are calculated with location in image coordinates 
and geographic or cartographic coordinates. 
The dependencies between high and low resolution, 
necessary high and low data storage requirements and 
the resulting accuracy will be outlined in the lectures and 
exercises. 
To enable follow on training all image processing steps 
will be shown on PC-based systems under MS-Windows. 
1.3 Experience after completion of Training 
After training with typical photogrammetric examples the 
students should possess experience in following areas: 
e conversion of image formats, 
e image transfer between different hardware and 
software systems, 
e application of flatbed scanners and digitizers or 
onscreen digitizing tools, 
e application of rectification programs, 
e application of image enhancement methods, 
e calculation of geocoded or georeferenced digital 
image data sets, 
e data fusion results for later data integration 
applications. 
2. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE EQUIPMENT 
In addition to the well known analog and analytical 
photogrammetric equipments the computer software and 
hardware plays a growing role at IPI. To fulfill educational 
and research requirements additional individual software 
for image processing and adjustment has been 
developed in the past. 
2.1 Hardware Requirements 
Until 1988 operational image processing systems have 
been implemented on VAX (VMS) mini computers and 
SUN (UNIX) workstations. Depending on research 
projects additional individual software has been 
developed on both platforms. To enlarge the students’ 
acceptance of image processing tools it was very 
important to integrate new functions also on personal 
computers. 
Therefore a large number of modules has been converted 
to C-language operating under MS-DOS and MS- 
Windows since 1985. 
139 
Today powerful PENTIUM PCs with two or three Gbyte 
disc storage are installed. But most of the students work 
under following hardware conditions: 
CPU 486/66 Mhz, 
500 Mbyte disc, 
16 Mbyte RAM, 
1,44 Mbyte floppy disc, 
CD-ROM 
Mouse, 
Ink-Jet Printer, 
15" or 17* color monitor. 
Of course there are always new hardware modules with 
more powerful CPUs and better peripherals, but for 
educational purposes a running system under above 
mentioned conditions is more recommended because a 
running stable system is much better than a state of the 
art system with unknown bugs and internal problems 
which prevents the user from working. 
Additional peripheral devices are necessary to enable 
data exchange, image processing and digital video 
applications: 
Ethernet board, 
SCSI Interface and Flatbed scanner, 
backup streamer tapes, 
digitizer or digitizing pad, 
graphic board with variable resolution (480x640 up 
to 768x1024 pix) in 256 colors (32768 or 65535), 
e frame grabber board. 
2.2 Software requirements 
For operational purposes or industrial applications a lot of 
very powerful but also expensive software systems are 
installed. Tools like ERDAS, EASY/PACE, MGE or for 
example IDL/ENVI are well known in the areas of remote 
sensing, image processing and digital photogrammetry. 
For education and training very often low costs systems 
are preferred. Therefore public domain tools like 
KHOROS or GRASS are installed at the Institute. In 
addition standard PC-based software in combination with 
individual software is used at IPI, Hannover. 
To enable analog to digital conversion of photographs 
and maps scanning software is required. For this purpose 
the scanning software of the HP Scanjet llcx is sufficient. 
On PCs this software is accomplished by drawing and 
low-level image processing software like ALDUS- 
Photostyler or Photoshop. To meet all requirements of 
education and training contents additional individual 
software has been developed at the Institute. The 
modules enable following processing steps: 
e image format conversion, digital filtering, 
e geometric correction, 
e onscreen digitizing, 
e mosaicing. 
To connect ARISTO or Summagraphics Digitizers 
standard software as well as individual drivers are used. 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B6. Vienna 1996