4.2 Digital Topographic Mapping Pilot Project of some districts of Tarai and Middle Mountain areas (12 map sheets) on the 
scale 1:25,000 in 1995-96, This is being prepared in servey Department by FINNMAP financed by FINNIDA. In future, Survey 
Department is planning to make topographical base maps in digital form as far as possible. 
4.3 Digital Mapping of Tribhuvan International Airport area have been prepared in 1995 for the extension of facilities by 
Civil Aviation Dept. 
4.4 Orthophoto Map of Mahakali Irrigation project and Bhirahawa-Lumbini Ground Water Project have been prepared in 1991— 
V d Auto Carto Consult Company. 
5 Digital Geological Mapping. The Dept. of Mines and Geology is engaged in building the digital data sets for the country 
e transforming all its manual cartographic procedures into an automated system. 
5. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) 
Nepal has entered into the age of satellite geodesy in the fiscal year 1991-92 with the collaboration of the University of Colorado, 
U.S.A. Followings are the list of GPS WORKS: 
5.1 GPS Control points for mapping to expand and strengthen the geodetic network and for the study of crustral deformation 
were monumented, observed and processed in the fiscal year 1991-92 for the first time in Nepal initiated by Survey Department 
with the collaboration of University of Colorado (CIRES) Boulder, U.S.A. Altogether 27 points were monumented and observed 
all over Nepal from east to west and Tarai plain to high mountain including the fundamental station at Nagarkot. Along with thc 
GPS work, fundamental gravity stations were established and measured at Nagarkot and two more subsidiary gravity stations at 
Tribhuvan International Airport and Simra. On most of those 27 stations, GPS re-observations were made during October 1992 
collaboratively. In 1993 no measurement was done due to rude idea, behaviour and lack of knowledge of the then Director 
General of Survey of Nepal, even though it was-tried to convince him that technically Nepal Survey may take a motion of 
retardation in the development of technology. In 1994 March-April, it was remeasured only at Nagarkot station managed 
separately by the Nepalese survey operators not to stop the pace of development in GPS activity. It was also monumented a 
subsidiary satellite station and observed to co-relate with the Nagarkot fundamental station precisely for future works. In 1995 
GPS work was revitalised due to new appointment of a technical minded Director General. During October-November 1995, GPS 
observations were carried out in 26 stations traversing north-south form Syangboche to Saptari including previous points, old 
Survey of India Stations and some more new points. 
5.2 GPS for Topographic Mapping was conducted in 1992 to prepare topo maps (1:25,000) of Lumbini zone (6 districts) with 
the assistance of JICA. Also GPS technology was used to establish control points for topographic mapping of 6 zones (25 
districts) of eastern Nepal on the scale 1:25,000-50,000 in 1992-1993 by FINNIDA. 
5.3 GPS Observation for Geo-physical Research was carried on in Mt. Everest Khumbu region in 1992 and re-observed and 
monitored during 1993,1994 and 1995 for the study of deformation and heightening of Everest region by Boston Museum of 
Science U.S.A. and Bhumichitra Mapping Company Nepal. Also slope distance of the top of Everest from Namche Station w was 
measured by EDM laser beam. 
5.4 GPS Works by the Italian Everest -K2 -CNR Project were carried out for the study of Geodynamic Evolution of the 
Highest Peaks of Himalayan Chain with collaboration of RONAST during Sept.-Oct. 1992. This Italian team had donc GPS 
campaigns at Kodari friendship Bridge, Dhunche and Lobuche Pyramid during fiscal year 1991-92 jointly with Nepal and China 
for the study of geodynamics and crustal deformation. 
5 GPS to Determine Amount of Vertical and Horizontal Movements to Understand seismic hazard was initiated by DMG 
e the collaboration of National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) France. It aims to assessing in detail the active proccss 
of the Himalayan mountain, responsible for the present deformation, erosion and quaking of the range. GPS ficld observations. 
have been completed in November 1995 on 30 different locations covering all zone of the Himalayan mountains from the High 
Himalaya (Simikot and Jomson) down to Tarai plain (Bhairahawa to Mahendranagar). 
5.6 GPS for Watershed Management and Soil conservation was conducted to establish necessary control points in 1995 in 
Syangja and Gulmi districts by JICA to prepare resources maps of that area. 
5.7 GPS Observation for West Seti Hydro-Electric Project area were carried out to fix the control points for mapping jointly 
bs SMEC/Auto Carto Consult/Bhümichitra Mapping Co. 
5.8 GPS for Civil Aviation is carried out at the Tribhuvan International Airport in 1992 and 1995 for the purpose of the 
determination of exact height of airport runway. 
52 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B6. Vienna 1996 
  
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