Ve, 
;mple, 
11, 
Y- 
‘aith, 
»mical, or of 
f Physicians. 
of Surgeons. 
iical Socieby. 
L., London ; 
sh Society of 
Antiquaries. 
y o 
th. 
er. 
Michael and 
 &e. 
Service. 
or Ship. 
) 
[heow Hutos, 
the Saviour. 
S 
s the Saviour 
1 this (cross) 
wm), Jesus of 
1stant, of the 
yresence of the 
octor), Doctor 
nds. 
h. 
)rder of Han- 
Iichael and St 
nena), same as 
» Greek letters of 
lost sight of, by 
e Gr. H (éta) for 
und out for each 
by converting the 
1 of abbreviation, 
< 
Je 
  
ABBREVIATIONS—ABD-EL-KADER. 
  
  
  
Lb. (libra), Pound. 
L.D., Lady Day. 
LL.B. (Legum Baccalaureus), Bachelor of Laws (the 
plural being denoted by the double L). 
LL.D. (Legum Doctor), Doctor of Laws. 
L.R.C.S., Licentiate of the Royal College of Sur- 
geons. 
L.S.A., Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries. 
L.S.D. (Libre, Solidi, Denarii), Pounds, shillings, 
ence. 
M. (447lle), A thousand. 
M.A. or A.M. (Artiwm Magister), Master of Arts. 
Mass., Massachusetts ; Vt., Vermont ; Pa., Pennsyl- 
vania; &c. See UNITED STATES. 
M.D. (Medicine Doctor), Doctor of Medicine. 
M.P., Member of Parliament. 
M.R.C.S., Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. 
M.R.I.A., Member of the Royal Irish Academy. 
MS., Manuscript ; MSS., Manuscripts. 
Mus. D. (Musice Doctor), Doctor of Music. 
M.W.S., Member of the Wernerian Society. 
N.B. (Nota bene), Mark well ; observe. 
Nem. con. (Nemine contradicente), or Nem. diss. 
(Nemine dissidente), No one contradicting or dis- 
senting ; unanimously. 
N.P., Notary Public. 
N.8., New Style. 
0.8., 0ld Style. 
Oxon. (Oxonienstis), Of Oxford, 
oz., Ounce. 
P., President ; professor ; &e. 
P.C., Privy Councillor. 
P.C.S., Principal Clerk of Session. 
Per ann. (Per annum), By the year. 
Per cent. (Per centum), By the hundred. 
Ph.D. (Philosophie Doctor), Doctor of Philosophy. 
P.M. (Post Meridiem), After noon. 
P.P., Parish priest. 
p., Pages. 
Pro tem. (Pro tempore), For the time. 
Prox. (Proximo), in the next (month). 
P.S. (Post scriptum), Postscript. 
Q., Query or Question. 
Q.C., Queen’s Council. 
Q.E.D. (Quod erat demonstrandum), Which was to be 
demonstrated. 
Q.E.F. (Quod erat faciendwm), Which was to be done. 
Q.8. (Quantum sufficit), Enough. 
g. v. (Quod vide), Which see. 
R. (Rex or Regina), King or Queen. 
R.A., Royal Academician ; Royal Artillery. 
R.E., Royal Engineers. 
R.M., Royal Marines. 
R.N., Royal Navy. 
R.S.A., Royal Scottish Academician, 
S., South ; saint; seconds. 
Sc., Scilicet, same as viz. 
S.L., Solicitor at Law. 
S.M. (Sa Majesté), His or Her Majesty. 
S.P.Q.R. (Senatus Populusque Romanus), the Roman 
senate and people. 
8q. (Sequens), the following ; Sqq., do. in the plural. 
8.8.C., Solicitor before the Supreme Courts. 
S.T.P. (Sancte Theologice Professor), Professor of 
Theology. 
T.C.D., Trinity College, Dublin. 
Ult. (Ullimo—mense understood), In the last 
(month). 
U.P., United Presbyterian. 
U.S., United States; United Service. 
V.D.M. (Verli Det Minister), Preacher of the 
‘Word. 
Viz. (Videlicet), To wit ; namely. 
W.S., Writer to the Signet. 
Xmas., Christmas. Xtian., Christian, &e. 
Ye, Y*; The, That. (This use of Y originated in the 
  
Anglo-Saxon character p, which was equivalent to 
the modern th. In manuscripts, this character 
degenerates into a form like a black letter 
which was retained in these contractions after its 
origin and real sound had been lost sight of.) 
Besides the generally current ‘abbreviations given 
above, other short methods of statement are fre- 
quently employed in particular circumstances. In 
the present work, for instance, in which the saving 
of space is of great moment, when the title or head- 
ing of a subject recurs in the body of the article, it. 
is generally—especially if a proper name—repre- 
senfed by its initial letter: e.g, A. for Abd-el- 
Kader. Two dates thus (1215—1250), following the 
name of a king, a pope, &c., indicate briefly the 
beginning and end of his reign or term of office; or 
thus (b. 1215—d. 1250), the dates of his birth and 
death. The meaning of these and similar contrac- 
tions is in general sufficiently obvious from the 
connection in which they stand. 
ABD signifies in Arabic ¢ slave’ or ¢ servant,’ and 
enters, along with the name of God, into the com- 
position of many proper names; as, Abd-Allah, 
“servant of God;’ ~Abd-el-Kader, ¢servant of the 
mighty God ;’ Abd-ul-Latif, ¢ servant of the gracious 
God, &e. 
ABD-EL-KADER, properly El-Hadji-Abd-el- 
Kader- Ulid - Mahiddin, is the descendant of a 
Marabout family of the race of Haschem, who trace 
their pedigree to the califs of the lineage of Fatima. 
He was born at Ghetna, an educational institution of 
the Marabouts, near Mascara, which belonged to 
his family. His father, who died in 1834, being 
esteemed a very holy man, had exercised great 
influence over his countrymen, which influence he 
bequeathed to his son. In his eighth year, A. made 
a pilgrimage to Mecca with his father ; and in 1827, 
heé visited Egypt, where, in Cairo and Alexandria, 
he first came in contact with western civilisation. 
Religious enthusiasm and melancholy were the 
most prominent features of his character. He 
early shewed an uncommonly gifted mind, and at 
the chief school of Fez he acquired such know- 
ledge as composes Arabian science. A. was free 
from the savage cruelty, as well as from the 
sensuality, of the Arabs; he maintained purity of 
manners, and did not suffer himself to be misled 
by anger or passion. Although he firmly adhered 
to the faith of his nation, and used their fanaticism 
as one of his most important sources of influence, 
yet he had no sympathy with the fanatical intoler- 
ance of the majority among them. His public 
career began at the time of the conquest of Algiers 
by the French. No sooner was the power of the 
Turks broken, than the Arabian tribes of the 
province of Oran seized the opportunity to make 
themselves independent. Having got possession 
of Mascara, they elected A. as their emir, who 
soon succeeded in establishing his authority over 
a number of the neighbouring tribes. He now 
attacked the French; and some bloody battles, 
fought on December 3, 1833, and January 6, 1834, 
against General Desmichels, then commanding in 
Oran, obliged the latter to enter into a treaty 
with him.  In the interior of the country, the 
power of A. now spread in an alarming way. In 
consequence of victories over neighbouring chiefs, 
he became master of Miliana and Medeah. All 
the cities and tribes of the provinces of Oran and 
Titeri acknowledged A. as their sultan; the more 
distant tribes sent him ambassadors with presents. 
It was not long before hostilities broke out between 
him and the French. The commencement was 
favourable to him, for the first operations of 
General Tretzel led to that fatal retreat, during 
i