116 Organization and Management 
produetion, decreased power and supply bills, and a 
smaller proportion of waste. The principal factors which 
have been incentives to the inventor and works manager 
in bringing about this condition are increased competi- 
tion, widening sales markets, and longer transportation 
distances. 
About the middle of the nineteenth century, when 
notable improvements were made in textile machinery 
inereasing the output per man, there was much fear that 
there would not be enough work to go around. In Man- 
chester, England, mills were burned and machinery 
destroyed by mobs. Subsequent developments in the 
textile industry have proved that these fears were 
entirely groundless, for today’s machinery produces an 
output per man eight times larger than was produced 
by the machinery of 1840, while the number of textile 
workers in Manchester is six times the number engaged 
in this field in 1840. The history of industry shows that 
the increased output per man, as a whole, has resulted in 
a greater demand for the article by reason of lessened 
selling prices. 
Meanwhile, increased purchasing power of the com- 
munity as a whole has resulted in entirely new in- 
dustries, which have quickly absorbed the less capable 
workers temporarily out of work in certain lines of indus- 
try where improved machinery resulted in a greater 
output per man, and the demand did not increase 
immediately at a sufficient rate to justify the employment 
of all of the previous workers. This last-named condi- 
tion is the exception, however. About the only examples 
of it which can be cited are those of the linotype machine 
in the printing trade, which took the place of the hand 
type-setters, and of the glass-blowing machines which 
are being installed in bottling works. 
ed 41 ^r eei a X al BA NS peed m M0 mM 0- (S DI 
Roa aye PIN puce A