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Time and Motion Studies 205 
operations and times have been listed and filed, the build- 
ing-up of the instruction card for a new piece will consist 
very largely in assembling these standard elements, leav- 
ing only a few elements remaining, for which the time can 
frequently be figured from known data, so that the actual 
time-study work becomes less all the time, and the result 
of every additional time study becomes more and more 
extensive. Figure 64 shows a group of students at the 
Pennsylvania State College taking time-study observa- 
tions in the machine shop. 
Dora THE WorK AccorDING TO INSTRUCTIONS 
Where the men have never worked under instruction 
cards, it will require patient and systematic training and 
an insistence on careful reading and following of the 
individual steps of the elemental operation instructions. 
At the beginning men who have been accustomed to 
looking at the time consumed on a job merely in the light 
of the total time are apt to consider impossible the time 
reductions indicated on most instruction cards. 
The writer had experience of this sort in the assembling 
of automobiles and of engine-governors. After consid- 
erable preliminary work in planning and getting mate- 
rials and tools ready, accompanied by careful time 
studies, it was decided to offer a bonus in the case of 
automobile-assembling, beginning at 100 total hours of 
assemblers’ time. The best previous record had been 
225 hours. With careful handling of the men the time 
was reduced at the first to 90 hours and ultimately it was 
a common occurrence for the total assembling time to 
take no longer than 65 or 70 hours. In the case of steam- 
engine governors a great deal of time had been lost by 
reason of poor fits and the necessity of having the assem- 
blers do a great deal of filing. After the adoption of