294 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EDUCATION. 
tiate of philosophy afterward become teachers in the secondary schools. 
There are two classes of such teachers, a higher and a lower one. The 
former class chiefly instruct the senior students in the secondary schools ; 
those belonging to the latter one teach the lower classes. The teachers 
of the higher order must be licentiates or doctors of philosophy ; those of 
the lower order at least candidates. It is required, moreover, of both that 
they have passed their examinations in such a way that a certain number 
of the school subjects—four or five—shall have been included, all accord- 
‘ng to special regulations, which need not now be specified. 
[beg to add a few words concerning the two youngest universities of 
Sweden, those of Stockholm and Goteborg. They will likely in a short 
time be aliowed to hold examinations of the same kind as the old state 
universities, and students passing such examinations will have the same 
rights as if they had passed those of the old universities. No applicants 
but those who have passed the maturity examination will be admitted to 
these university examinations, just as is now the case in the other and 
older universities. There will, however, be an important difference between 
the old state universities and these new independent ones. While the 
former admit no other students than such as have passed the examination 
of maturity, the latter will also admit other students. You would call 
them in America, “special students.” These must only give some proof 
—generally by a special examination—that they are capable of receiving 
the instruction in that subject or in those subjects which they propose to 
follow. After having completed such a special study at the university, 
she student, if he wishes so, is examined therein, and if successful receives 
a certificate of the result of his work. To this kind of examination, as a 
matter of course, every student of the universities may be admitted. 
From what I have said it may be seen that it is the aim of the young 
aniversities to compete with the old ones as centers of higher scientific 
seaching, and at the same time to make their instruction and resources 
accessible to wider circles of students. 
It will interest many of you to hear that women have been admitted 
to the Swedish universities for about twenty years. The number of stu- 
dents, however, has been and still is comparatively small, and only a very 
few—hardly ten—have left the universities after having passed a com- 
plete university course. 
I should be pleased to furnish later, for publication, if desired, the 
statistical items necessary to complete this sketch of our Swedish educa. 
tion, particularly those relating to universities, of which I have spoken at 
greatest length. I may add that the students of Upsala may be estimated 
at eighteen hundred to two thousand ; those of Lund at nine hundred to 
one thousand ; those of Stockholm and Goteborg at about two hundred 
and one hundred respectively.