380 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EDUCATION.
and to give practical shape to its thoughts. Instruction in manual dex-
terity should, therefore, as far as it falls within the time in which the
child is undergeing school instruction, be strictly confined to these limits,
Bringing in foreign objects, which are not connected with the work,
takes the child out of its own world, withdraws it from its unitary develop-
ment, and overburdens it with double mental work, even if the instruc-
tion in manual dexterity does not become a mere mechanical drill.
The question might be asked here, whether our theoretical instruction
has any need of being supplemented by physical work ? It would carry
us too far to answer this question for every stage, so we have given in the
following only a rapid review of the requirements of instruction in the
npper grade of public schools at Vienna, for industrial purposes, leaving
out the subjects which contribute only to culture. such as writing, sing-
ing, and athletics :
NATURAL SCIENCES.
Object : Knowledge of the most important physical and chemical phenomena, based
principally upon experiment, with continual regard to the requirements of town life :
snowledge of the fabrication of the most important products of industry, with especial
regard to those which are of the most importance locally.
First CrLass—Two Hours A WEEK.
Form of connection of bodies, cohesion ; kinds of solid bodies, adhesion and capil-
ary phenomena, impenetrability, divisibility, porosity, weight, comprehension of abso-
ute and specific weight, density.
Expansion of bodies by heat, thermometer ; expansion of water, expansion of air,
Iraughts of air, wind.
Magnetic attraction, natural and artificial magnets, polarity ; construction of arti-
icial magnets by stroking, distribution of magnetism.
Fundamental phenomena of electricity, electroscope; good and bad conductors of
electricity, electrization by communication and distribution, electrizing machines,
Leyden jars, galvanism, voltaic battery, electric current.
Bottom pressure and side pressure, vessels of communication.
Air pressure, barometer; siphon.
Production and propagation of sound; kinds of sound.
Luminous and non-luminous, transparent and opaque bodies ; rectilinear propaga-
sion and rapidity of light, shadows, strength of illumination (depending upon the
angle of incidence), reflection of light, the plane mirror.
Water, decomposition of water by the electrical current: hydrogen, oxygen, chemical
decomposition, oxyhydrogen gas, mixture, chemical combination, atmospheric air, essen-
;ial constituents of air, nitrogen, carbon, sulphur; phosphorus matches; chlorine, disin-
‘ection : iodine, bromine, elements, analysis.
Secon Crass—Two Hours A WEEK.
The subjects of instruction of the first class are reviewed with the several chapters.
and are carried farther :
Conduction of heat, good and bad conductors of heat, change of forms of aggregation
of bodies by heat, melting, congealing, crystallization, evaporation, vaporization, distil-
lation, sublimation.
Magnetic needle, declination, compass, inclination (dip), terrestrial magnetism.
Electrophone, atmospheric electricity ; ozone, thunder-storms, lightning-rods ; the
most frequently applied galvanic batteries—physiological, thermal, illuminant, and
chemical actions of the galvanic current, galvanoplastics.
Center of gravity, kinds of equilibrium, stability, lever scales ; roller, pulley ; arbor,
~heel.
