538 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EDUCATION. 
aniversity famous for good work, and especially among the technical 
Institutions, is coming to be State-supported in greater or less degree. 
Some of the most successful and famous of all are exceptions to this rule ; 
but whether this can be said a generation hence may be gravely doubted. 
Contributions to this noblest of philanthropic works will undoubtedly be 
larger and more numerous than now ; but interest will probably fall to 
two per cent., or perhaps lower, and a million of dollars will do but little 
in the support of higher education. 
CULTURE, and SCIENTIFIC TRAINING for a practical end, are the two 
purposes of all schemes of education of the individual citizen. But their 
order and extent, and their relative importance and magnitude, must 
Jepend upon the position in life of the individual ; rather, upon his choice 
or their natural and logical sequence. The proper and logical order would 
be, first culture, then professional training; first the awakening and 
strengthening of the mind, next its application to the purposes of culture, 
then its practical employment in acquiring and practicing the chosen 
vocation, whether that of the engineer who builds, the artist who adorns, 
the man of letters who entertains and enlightens, the jurist who inter- 
prets the law, or the physician or the clergyman who ministers to bodies 
or to minds diseased, or even that of the man of leisure whose profession is 
that of the accomplished man of a society of culture. Every intelligent 
citizen desires for his children so much of culture as his time and means 
permit him to give them ; his means determine to what extent he must 
abridge the culture studies and compulsorily antedate the best time for 
entrance upon the studies having practical application in the life of the 
bread-winner. For people of wealth, twenty years of culture, five of pro- 
tessional study, may be none too extensive a course; but the citizen of 
335, for elementary instruction alone. The Federal government has given over 150,000,000 of acres of public 
ands to this object, and the States have often assigned their first and largest apportionments of their own 
>ublic lands to their departments of education. In some cases single institutions have greatly profited by 
‘his policy ; but, as a rule, education is conducted, in the higher departments, with a most frugal hand. 
Private liberality has as yet done more for individual endowments, generally, than the public. For exam- 
ple, in New York the State university—Cornell-—receives as the share of the State under the Morrill Act 
about $20,000 a year from the half-million and less obtained by sale of land scrip ; it receives from the 
Cornell Endowment, which was produced by the discreet holding and sale of the lands obtained on the 
same scrip—bought by Ezra Cornell and given to the university—over $300,000 per annum from the $5,000, 
000 or more privately given it; and it has still enough land for sale to make about 5,000 good farms. Har- 
rard, Columbia, Yale, and Princeton and Johns Hopkins have larger incomes from private endowments 
;han have the institutions supported by the States. 
The governments of Europe are wiser and more liberal than our own States. Prussia has erected at 
Charlottenburg the grandest technical institution in the world, at a cost of about $4,000,000. Saxony has 
erected a whole system of trade and polytechnic schools; and Zurich has invested, safely and profitably, 
some millions in her great university, of which the laboratories alone have cost about a half-million dollars. 
With a taxed valuation of $6,500,000,000, the State of New York has contributed—and only within the year 
—just $50,000 to its university, under the shadow of the millions given it by its private benefactors. 
Michigan has given about $2,000,000 to her university and technical schools ; she also gives a regular 
tax levy of large amount. Wisconsin gives a half-million in buildings and a tax levy of about $75,000 
per annum. Minnesota has given to the same cause about $750,000 and a tax levy of about $50,000 ; Cali- 
fornia about $1,000,000, and a perpetual State tax of one-tenth of a mill, now yielding $100,000 a year ; and 
other States, in a similar manner, are just beginning the work which has been going on in Europe for a 
century