570 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EDUCATION. 
finally of laboratory work on a practical scale in the various kinds of 
»ngineering. 
(7) Those who carry on industrial establishments in this country find 
shat it pays them best to have as assistants young men who understand 
scientific principles, and who are consequently able to take a certain 
amount of responsibility and who can grapple with an emergency ; for 
in a live industrial business emergencies are constantly arising, and the 
neads of these establishments have less and less use for men who are 
nerely drilled in performing one operation. 
In England the above stated condition of things is not yet realized, but 
the facilities for an engineering education are increasing, and there is a 
growing sentiment in favor of it. Moreover, the influences at work are 
such as cannot fail to bring about, before very long, a condition of things 
similar to that which exists in America. 
If we analyze carefully the work to be done in the different kinds of en- 
gineering, commonly known as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, 
mining and metallurgical engineering, electrical engineering, and chem- 
.cal engineering, and perhaps some other industrial pursuits which are not 
asually called engineering, we shall find that, in many of them, and I might 
almost say in all, there are, first, certain processes to be carried out, and, sec- 
ond, attention must be given to devising and preparing the means of carrying 
out these processes efficiently and cheaply ; to the best kinds of machinery 
to be used for all the steps in the process, including a consideration of 
sheir efficiency, durability, first cost, the expenses necessary for attend- 
ance, also for their maintenance and repair, ete.; to the construction and 
arrangement of the power plant, whether water or steam ; the system of 
ransmission ; the design and construction of the buildings adapted for the 
work, including foundations, water supply, drainage, heating and venti- 
ation, light, lighting, fire protection, and a large number of questions of 
a similar character, all of which are generally recognized as engineering 
yuestions. 
In the infancy of manufactures the processes are liable to be the 
all-absorbing problems ; but as any one of these manufacturing interests 
levelops, the processes become more or less settled. When this state of 
things is reached, the manufacturer who would succeed is forced to pay 
attention to the engineering problems that arise in his business. Hence 
the mining, the metallurgical, the electrical, or the chemical engineer 
must be primarily an engineer, but he must also be sufficiently versed in 
she special mining, metallurgical, electrical, or chemical processes. to be 
able to adapt his engineering work to their needs. 
When we come to the terms civil engineering and mechanical engineer- 
ing, which have both been used in different senses at different times, it is 
impossible to draw a line of distinction, and to assert that any one set of 
engineering operations belongs exclusively to the civil or to the mechan-