PHYSICAL TRAINING OF CRIMINALS. 651 
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attempt to raise him to a plane where the operations of his body and the 
workings of his mind shall be in unconscious harmony with the social 
conditions he formerly antagonized. As an economic problem, it is far 
cheaper to educate a delinquent boy, bestowing upon him an education 
and knowledge of hand-craft, that he may be able to maintain himself by 
his own efforts in some specific calling, than to sentence and resentence 
nim to institutions where the animal wants are supplied, and the labor of 
ais hands utilized for the profit that may accrue to the management. 
Such an education should be rounded, symmetrical, and comprehensive ; 
not confined to occupation and moral means alone, but including every 
agent known to intelligence, and seeking the development of body, hands, 
mtellect, judgment, and will. It is not assumed that every boy who has 
gone astray is reclaimable, or that physical education is a sole specific for 
moral ills of every description ; but the contention is, where there is an 
excellence of physical conditions, as you understand the term, an increased 
power for conformity to normal living is conferred over what obtains in 
the case of corporal depreciation, nervous irritation, and other conditions 
that appertain to an unstable man. 
Systems and apparatus have been the cause of much variance of opin- 
lon, contention, and feeling among physical educators, and their discus-- 
sions have waxed as warm as those of theologians concerning religious 
dogmas and beliefs. Without entering into the whys and wherefores, I 
would state we have employed the German system in the main, not in its 
entirety or according to the ideal of a Turner, but so far as we were able 
0 adapt it to the peculiar conditions and restrictions under which we 
:abored. As time went by, and we came into the possession of a gymna- 
sinm with a fairly complete equipment of the Sargent apparatus, consisting 
of chest weights, inclined plane, quarter circle, vaulting, horizontal, and 
parallel bars, flying and traveling rings, climbing ropes, poles, ladders, 
2te., we began to employ the so-called developing mechanisms. Not that 
we were disappointed in our efforts, or that our results were much if any 
below our reasonable expectations, but because we saw an indication for 
he employment of apparatus of the kind just named. 
Many of the men, dull and stupid to a degree of not knowing the right 
rand from the left, were untaught of hand,.and had no true codrdinated 
control of the muscular system save for purposes of locomotion. They 
failed to comprehend the purpose of free-hand exercise, and were deficient 
in ability to promptly respond to a command, even when they understood 
its import. For this reason they failed to appreciate, in the effort and 
expenditure of force, an equivalent for themselves; calisthenic exercises 
were drudgery to this class of men, and they regarded them in the spirit 
that they formerly did the policeman’s command to “ move on,” which 
conveyed to them no other motive than the desire to compel them to do 
what they did not wish to do. But they could climb ropes and ladders,