654 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EDUCATION. 
note it in the gymnasium. Chest apparatus and free exercises appear 
‘nadequate to overcome the defect. Running accomplishes but little more, 
as shallow respirations attend this exercise, which, if continued in beyond 
a point not excessive and within the range of an ordinary growing boy, is 
followed by vertigo and nausea. Repeated commands result in mental 
confusion, with increased inability to properly fill and empty the lungs, 
and the pupil becomes discouraged. =~ What the pupil cannot consciously 
or will not voluntarily do, he can be brought to do unconsciously, and for 
this purpose the tank is frequently employed. Those who can, inflate and 
empty their lungs to the limit of their power, in the tank ; and those who 
sannot, but are attempting to learn, in response to a feeling of self-pres- 
ervation and to keep afloat, manage to use their lungs as if they were 
blacksmiths’ bellows. Two wooden cylinders, four feet long and one foot 
‘n diameter, are of great assistance in the tank. The boys attempt to climb 
opon and ride them, which, as they revolve, is no easy matter; and in 
anticipation of an involuntary plunge, a full, deep, unconscious inspira- 
sion occurs. Nearly every city boy can swim, while the number of those 
from the country who can do so is surprisingly small. 
The popular idea is that nearly every cutaneous redness is erysipelas, 
and that pain and stiffness are of rheumatic origin. Every now and then 
instances occur where pain is referred to the ankle and foot upon stand- 
ing for any length of time, and after running, jumping, and continued 
walking. The story in nearly every case is that the trouble is rheumatic 
and recurrent, and accompanied by slight swelling of the feet and 
frequently disqualification for work. Medical attention and medicine ad 
nauseam afforded no relief. An examination shows the most of these 
cases to be instances of falipes valgus, splayfoot or flatfoot, a condition 
declared by authors to be rare in the congenital form and common in the 
acquired. My experience has not been in accord with the writers. But 
chen this may be due to the fact that these cases occurred in a class domi- 
nated by some degenerate condition, and which, if so, may be accepted as 
evidence of such degeneracy. Five cases of falipes valgus occurring 
among one hundred and fifty men, or plus three per cent., is a large 
percentage. 
In pulmonary tuberculous disease, arrest of the morbid process within 
the lung has occasionally occurred in connection with physical training. 
The arrest of the disease, however, was nothing more than a suspension 
of process, as in time the cases terminated in the usual manner. The 
majority of cases of this affection pursued the usual course, uninfluenced 
by this means of treatment, which is at best but the application of a better 
hygiene. Baer states, as quoted by Osler, the mortality from consump- 
tion is four times as great in prison as outside. 
Results somewhat more satisfactory are obtained in the class of cases 
formerly termed scrofulous or strumous, involving the lymphatic glands,