(52 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EDUCATION. 
laughter ; when this muscle is relaxed there is a fullness or bagginess 
ander the eyes. 
Eye movements defective.—Some children, when an object is moved in 
front of them, follow it not with their eyes only, but with the head, keep- 
ing the eyes fixed. In other cases there is restiess wandering of the eyes, 
which do not fix well on the object looked at. 
Head balance weak.—In the normal the head is held erect. In these 
cases it lolls over to one side or other or droops forward. 
Hand balance nervous.—In these cases, when the arm is extended for- 
ward, the wrist droops, the palm is slightly contracted laterally, the thumb 
and fingers are extended backward at their junction with the palm of the 
hand. 
Hand balance weak.—In this type of balance the wrist is slightly 
irooped, the palm contracted laterally, and the digits are slightly bent. 
A frequent sub-type is for the hand to be straight except as to the thumb 
and its metacarpal bone, which are drooved or somewhat adducted toward 
she palm. * 
Finger twitches.—This may be observed when the hand is held out, 
particularly if the fingers are sevarated. The twitches mav be up and 
down, or lateral. 
Lordosis.—In those cases, when the hands are held out, an altered bal- 
ance of the spine may be seen, with an arching forward of the lumbar 
region, while the upper part of the body and the shoulders are thrown 
back. 
Other nerve signs.—Signs less frequent, though not of less importance, 
are here given as one group, including such as the following : Slowness 
of action in response to a command, as when the children are told to hold 
out their hands ; uncertainty or irregularity in response to such command ; 
lefects of speech ; oversmiling or grinning ; openness of mouth ; tremor- 
sversmiling or grinning ; nystagmus. 
Movement in man has long been a subject of profitable study. Visible 
movement in the body is produced by muscular contraction, following 
apon stimulation of the muscles by efferent currents passing from the 
central nerve system. Modern physiological experiments have demon- 
strated that when a special brain area discharges nerve currents, these are 
‘ollowed by certain visible movements or contraction of certain muscles 
corresponding. So exact are such reactions, as obtained by experiment 
apon areas in the brain cortex, that movements similar to those produced 
dy experimental excitation of a certain brain area may be taken as evi- 
dence of action in that area. Movements are then the visible signs of 
action in certain brain areas corresponding, and form our data for the 
study of brain action. 
* In the normal, when the hand is held out, all ‘parts are in the same horizontal plane. The limb is 
chen held on a level with the shoulder, without flexion at elbow, wrist, or other joint.