EDUCATIONAL JOURNALISM IN FRANCE. 847 
rofessors 
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tration as 
earnest students of pedagogic works. The committee which conducts the 
review aims to encourage pedagogic study and independent research. and 
gives space to free and dignified discussions. 
Outside of articles on all points touching the interests of education and 
nstruction and studies in the history of pedagogy, the Revue publishes 
sach month a review of the press and of books, a record of elementary 
‘nstruction in France, and notes of foreign countries. Besides, there are 
literary and scientific reviews. Among the regular contributors are the 
most authoritative representatives of French pedagogy : Messrs. Gréard, 
Buisson, Compayré, Marrion, Pécaut, Steeg, etc. 
With the Manuel Général de PlInstruction Primaire we arrive at 
the journals which, without neglecting questions relating to methods and 
what might be called the theory of education, aim to furnish teachers 
with practical directions and to facilitate their daily tasks. The Manuel 
was founded in 1832 and appears semi-monthly. It lost the official char- 
acter which it bore at first in 1840. It enjoys a great and well-deserved 
influence. It was one of the first journals to demand free and obligatory 
‘nstruction, and has supported all efforts relating to the reorganization of 
slementary education in France. 
The publishers of the Manuel issue since October, 1892, a journal of 
a peculiar nature. This is the Correspondance Général de UInstruction 
Primaire, a bulletin serving as a free mediator between school authorities, 
she families, and members of public and private elementary schools. It is 
sent out twice a month. Its main object is to introduce reforms in the 
sconomy, mechanism, or spirit of national instruction. : 
Next to the Manuel Général and L’ Ami de I Enfance, of which we shall 
presently speak, the oldest school journal is the Journal des Instituteurs. 
Founded in 1878, it appears every Sunday. Devoted exclusively to the 
oreparation of classes, it is the first periodical to publish a course of studies 
'n which teachers may find tasks and lessons for every day in the year on 
all the studies in the programme. 
In 1879 a new periodical was published, destined to make a rapid 
success. We refer to L’Instruction Primaire, a journal of practical 
education for school teachers and principals of kindergartens, Its 
character is about the same as that of the Manuel Général. It com- 
orises two distinct departments, the semi-monthly journal and a supple- 
ment. The former is particularly designed for the teacher in the class- 
oom ; it furnishes materials for lessons for every day, and facilitates the 
preparation of pupils for the examinations. The supplement addresses 
itself particularly to the masters and mistresses, and aims mainly at an 
extension of their literary and scientific knowledge, and to aid them in the 
preparation for the attainment of the various diplomas that they may 
desire to possess. 
The monthly L’Instituteur was started in 1886 to react against the