350 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EDUCATION. 
While the bulletins of faculties address themselves almost exclusively 
:0 the members of the teaching corps, the publications of educational 
societies inform the larger public concerning the progress of enterprises, 
and at the same time solicit aid. Outside of the greater associations which 
aim to support the efforts of the public powers in the work of popular 
education, there are among teachers a certain number of mutual aid 
societies which have also their bulletins. These bulletins do not merely 
cord the deliberations and decisions of the society, but have also a 
pedagogic department where everybody reports the result of his observa- 
tions, recommends this or that method, and, in short, seeks to make his 
colleagues profit by his experience and studies. The most important of 
‘hese societies is the Union of Public School Teachers of the Department 
of the Seine, founded in 1888. Its bulletin appears monthly. 
The syndicate of teachers formed after the plan of the syndicate of 
workingmen publishes two journals with socialistic tendencies—the Echo 
Nouvelle and Les Congrés et les Associations &’ Educateurs et a’ Insti- 
futeurs. 
Another journal which, without being the particular organ of an associa- 
sion, is destined to unite the different associations of teachers and to give 
them more vitality by publishing their works, is the Union Pedagogique, 
published monthly since 1891. It plays a very useful part, and has begun 
to occupy an important place in school journalism. Thanks to this 
journal, the good ideas and interesting efforts of provincial teachers are 
Irawn out of the somewhat narrow circle where the special bulletins of 
jepartmental teachers’ societies abound. These modest journals are never- 
theless a sign of a praiseworthy pedagogic activity, and it would not be just 
to make eulogistic mention of a few of the small leaflets that are gallantly 
fighting against routinism. It remains now to say a word of a bulletin 
of a special nature. I refer to the Bulletin Scolaire de I Union Frangaise 
pour le Sauvetage de I Enfance. This society, founded in 1887, has for 
its object the defense of the guardianship of ill-treated children and of 
-hose exposed to moral dangers. In 1890, the Minister of Public Instruc- 
tion authorized the schools to join this league for the rescuing of children. 
The Bulletin Scolaire, which appears about ten times a year, publishes 
‘he list of schools which have collected membership fees or gifts in favor 
of the French Union, and all information touching the work that will be 
of interest to pupils in the schools. 
Let us add, finally, that there exists in every département (county) 
an official bulletin of elementary instruction. These departmental bulle- 
tins are gratuitously sent to teachers and are the property of the school. 
They instruct the teaching personnel regarding their appointments, dates 
of examinations, pedagogic conferences, etc.; they reproduce the greater 
part of the ministerial circulars which appear in the Bulletin Adminis- 
tratif of the Minister of Public Instruction.