PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN ITALY. 909 
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These stipends are augmented one-tenth for every six years of service in the same 
>ommune until the salary has been increased four times. 
There are other institutes auxiliary to, or complementary to, those for elementary 
nstruetion. Among the first mentioned are two ‘‘conwvittc” (establishments where 
oupils are boarded and lodged, and which have elementary schools attached) for the 
orphans of elementary teachers, and the institutions for the blind and deaf mutes; 
among the second are comprised the ‘‘ convitti,” the educational institutions for girls, 
and the two higher-grade normals for girls. 
Secondary Classical and Technical Instruction.—The aim of secondary classical 
.nstruction is to train young men in the studies requisite for acquiring the literary and 
philosophical knowledge which entitles them to enter upon special studies leading to the 
academic grades of a university. These branches of instruction are imparted in the 
“ginnasie” (lower-grade classical schools) in a five years’ term, and in the ¢“Ziceo” 
higher-grade classical schools) in a three years’ term. In order to be admitted to 
Olass I. of a ¢“ ginnasio” the student is required to pass an entrance examination in the 
branches of the higher elementary grade, and in order to be admitted to the first year 
of a *“liceo ” it is necessary to possess a gymnasial license (Vicenza ginnasiale) ; while 
the license of a liceo (licenza liceale) is required for admittance to a university course. 
The ‘“ ginnasi” are supposed to be supported by the communes, and in some prov- 
inces the State maintains them in accordance with special laws. The ¢‘licei” are sup- 
ported by the State as far as the expenditures for teachers and scientific material are 
concerned ; the expenditures for the buildings and furniture are borne by the communes, 
The State, either by law or by special agreements with the cominunes or other corpo- 
cations, codperates in maintaining the ‘‘gi~nasi” and non-governmental ¢“ lice.” The 
:ommunes, other corporate bodies, and private individuals support similar institutions. 
The State, moreover, maintains the << eoneitti” annexed to the governmental ¢ gin- 
nasi” and ¢“ liced ;” and by law, or special agreement, the State also subsidizes other 
*¢ convittt ” whose maintenance would naturally belong to a province, commune, or to a 
corporate body or association. 
The aim of technical professional instruction is to impart to young men, who are 
ambitious to enter upon a specified career in the public service, 4. ¢., in industrial, com- 
mercial, and skilled agricultural pursuits, such general and special knowledge as is 
requisite for the carrying on of these pursuits. This knowledge is acquired and taught 
in technical schools (scuole tecniche), technical institutes (enstituti tecnici), and in the 
institutes for the mercantile marine. The course of instruction in technical schools 
lasts three years, at the end of which a diploma (ficenza tecnica) is given to the success- 
ful candidates ; this diploma is required for admission to a technical institute or to an 
institute for the mercantile marine service. In the technical institute the instruction 
is divided, according to the profession to be pursued, into five sections, namely, physico- 
mathematics, land surveying, agriculture, commerce and trade, and industrial pursuits. 
The courses last four years, and are divided into two biennial periods : one common 
to all sections, and one special course for each section. In the institute for the mercan- 
tile marine service the instruction is divided into six sections, viz.: as captains for the 
coast service, naval constructors of the second class, and machinists of the second class, 
a two years’ course ; captains for long-distance courses, and naval constructors of the 
first class, a three years’ course ; and machinists of the first class, a four years’ course. 
The diploma of the physico-mathematical section entitles, as does the ‘‘licenza 
liceale,” to admission in the faculty for physical, mathematical, and natural sciences, of 
a university. 
The maintenance of the technical schools is imposed upon the communes where they 
are established. The State pays half of the teachers’ expenses, however. In some 
cases, in accordance with special laws, the technical schools are entirely in charge of the