310 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EDUCATION. 
State. The State also subsidizes technical schools which are in the main supported by 
‘he communes, provinces, and corporate bodies or associations. 
The expenditures for the technical institutes and for those of the mercantile marine 
are borne in part by the State, which pays half of the expenses for the teachers and 
other employés. The expenditures for buildings and non-scientific material are fur- 
nished by the communes where the institutes are situated. The expenditures for class- 
teal and technical schools, and for the ¢“ conwitti” for boys’ boarding schools annexed 
to a secondary school, were accredited as follows to the State. communes, and provinces 
during the years 1888-89 and 1890-91: 
1888-89. ProOVINCES . ..vveueercrracnrirane sarenneenns 
“ COMMUNES .....oo sosaenssnerasacces sossecs 
1890-91. State.... 
Technical, industrial, and professional instruction is imparted in institutes and spe- 
rial schools, such as practical schools of agriculture, agrarian schools, industrial schools, 
schools of art and trade, and professional schools. . 
The expenditures of this class of schools are paid in part by the State, which, through 
subsidies given to the ministry of agriculture, industry, and commerce, in accordance 
with special laws to that effect, codperates with the provinces, communes, and corpora- 
sions. In order to be admitted to these schools it is necessary to have successfully fin- 
shed the elementary course or to have passed an examination for admission. 
During the school years 1888-89 and 1890-91 the’ expenditures for this class of 
schools were distributed as follows : 
1888-89. Provinces.... ..iieeeiiiiisenriiiaanneaanos $125,677 
& Communes, ......... eeenenee.. 325,498 
1800-91. States.. 439.655 
Superior Instruction.—The highest grade of education is furnished in the univer- 
sities, the superior institutes, and in superior special schools. The ¢¢ Istituti Superi- 
ri” include the schools for engineers, veterinary schools, the literary and scientific 
academy, the higher normal school for instruction in literature, and the superior insti- 
tute for the perfecting of higher studies in Florence with its university faculties. The 
aniversities comprise four faculties : law, philosophy and letters, physical, mathemat- 
‘cal, and natural sciences, and medicine and surgery. In some universities the schools 
of pharmacy and veterinary schools are annexed to the faculty of medicine and surgery. 
Not all universities have four faculties. The degree of doctor (laurea) is conferred in 
aach faculty at the close of the course. In the higher institutes there are faculties, or 
sections of faculties, where doctors’ degrees are conferred at the close of the course. In 
‘he special schools diplomas are given for subjects taught there. 
The superior special schools are : The superior commercial school, whose purpose it is 
0 prepare young men for the management of banking and commercial institutions, or 
for the career of consular agent in foreign countries, or for the position of instructor in 
+he science of economics in technical institutes; the superior agricultural schools, which 
srepare teachers of agricultural sciences and promote agricultural interests by means of 
experimental researches; the superior naval school, for the training of naval and hydro- 
graphic engineers and naval constructors; the institute of forestry, for training persons 
as forestry inspectors; and the industrial museum, for training mechanical engineers 
"ingegnerc industriale), and for training in the studies of chemistry and special branches 
of mechanics and physics. 
The expenditures for universities and superior institutes are in charge of the State, 
and are included in the budget of the Ministry of Public Instruction. The revenue and 
property of these institutions aid in their maintenance, and the fund is added to that 
administered bv the State.