Universities. 
9. The chief representative of the University is the Rector, or 
1 some Universities the Prorector, especially where the reigning 
Sovereign, or, as in Gottingen, a Prince of the Royal House occupies 
the honorary position of Rector magnificentissimus. The Rector or 
managing Prorector is elected, by a process differing in the various 
Universities, by the total number of the ordinary professors (in 
Gottingen by a general meeting embracing also the extraordinary 
professors). He is chosen from their midst for one year, but the 
election requires to be confirmed by the ruling Sovereign. The 
Rector directs the current business and presides at the meetings of 
the Senate and of the various committees. In most Universities the 
Senate is composed, in addition to the Rector, of the latter’s im- 
mediate predecessor, of the Deans of Faculties, of the Senators specially 
slected for one year by the ordinary professors, and of the University 
judge. 
3. The Universities are divided, according to the chief branches 
of learning cultivated in them, into Faculties, the number of which, 
as is well known, was originally four, but is, at the present time, 
larger in several Universities, whereas Miinster exceptionally possesses 
only three faculties. In four Universities (Bonn, Breslau, Tiibingen, 
Strassburg) Protestant and Roman Catholic theological faculties exist 
side by side, while in Minster, Munich, Wiirzburg and Freiburg only 
Roman Catholic, and in the other Universities only Protestant theo- 
logical faculties are found. From the philosophical faculty an in- 
dependent one combining mathematics and natural science has 
branched off in Tibingen, Strassburg and Heidelberg, and In 
Tibingen, besides, a faculty of political science. In Munich, likewise, 
exists a special faculty of political economy. In Strassburg a faculty 
of law and political science combined was established in 1872, in- 
stead of the faculty of law; the same was done in Miinster in 1902, 
and in Wirzburg and Freiburg the faculty of law has been trans- 
formed into one of law and political science combined. 
The faculties, in a narrower sense, are composed of the ordinary 
professors that belong to them, but, in a wider sense, of the total 
qumber of teachers and students of the respective branches of 
learning. The faculties superintend the instruction in their respective 
subjects, and are responsible for its regular operation and com- 
pleteness. In the case of a vacancy of a chair they are allowed, 
partly by transmitted custom, partly by explicit regulations in their 
statutes, to propose to the Government persons fit and proper for