10 
Universities. 
versity studies; the medical faculties demand besides the production 
of qualification as physician. 
The right of the ,privatdocent of delivering lectures extends 
only to the subjects for which he has qualified himself. In some 
Universities the ,privatdocents“ are obliged to announce in each 
semester a course of lectures or of exercises. In the Prussian Uni- 
versities this is not the case; here also they do not require, as the 
professors do, any permission to absent themselves for more than 
three days from the University town, but they have to give intimation 
of the fact to the Rector and to the Dean. When the ,privatdocent® 
has announced no lecture for two semesters, after having been called 
upon to do so, his rights, in the Prussian Universities, are suspended, 
in others they are cancelled altogether. 
11. The lecturers (lectors) are originally teachers of modern 
languages, who have to impart a more scholastic, practical instruction. 
in more recent times their functions have frequently assumed a more 
scientific form, so that they are employed to complete the instruction 
of the respective ordinary professors. They are appointed by the 
Minister, not permanently, but mostly only for a short time, with the 
possibility of continuance, and hence also they receive no salary, but 
only a remuneration, and also fees for their private lectures. In some 
Universities there are also teachers of more technical subjects, such 
as stenography, who are likewise termed lecturers (lectors). Music 
and drawing are not uncommonly represented bv teachers with the 
rank of extraordinary professors. 
The assistants have no independent tutorial functions, but are 
only subsidiary organs of the professor. Yet, occasionally, they are 
entrusted, in the seminaries, under the authority of the professor, 
with conducting exercises for beginners. 
As so-called teachers of bodily excercises (Exerzitienmeister) 
there are, in all the Universities, fencing masters. in most of them also 
riding and dancing masters. 
12. Only those persons who have matriculated are considered 
as students, properly so called, of the Universities. In addition there 
are authorised hearers and temporary auditors, who have been ad- 
mitted by the Rector to attend lectures with the consent of the 
teacher. The normal qualification for immatriculation is the possession 
of a leaving-certificate of a higher educational institution with nine 
classes. Formerly, in most Universities, only those who had obtained 
a leaving-certificate of a Gymnasium were entitled to full immatricu-