Full text: [A to Belgiojo'so] (Vol. 1)

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ANATOMY. 
  
  
The dominant race are the Osmanli Turks, who 
number about 1,200,000, and are spread over the 
whole country ; next to these come the _Turkonmns, 
belonging to the same stock, and speaking a dialect 
of the same language. These are found chiefly on 
the table-land, leading a nomadic life; there also 
live hordes of nomadic Kurds. Among the moun- 
tains east of Trebizond are the robber tribes of the 
Lazes. The population of the towns, in addition 
to Turks, consists, in the west, chiefly of Greeks 
and Jews; and in the east, of Armenians ; the non- 
Turkish population, along with Europeans in the 
maritime marts, have the whole commerce of the 
country in their hands. The whole population of 
the peninsula is supposed not to exceed 5,000,000 ; 
the official census of 1844 made it 10,700,000, includ- 
ing Armenia; but this is thought to be much over- 
estimated. The political and social arrangements 
are much as in the rest of Turkey (q. v.). One 
peculiarity is the old Turkish system of vassal- 
dynasties, the Dere-begs (valley chiefs), who, like 
the feudal lords of the middle ages in Europe, are 
hereditary rulers and military commanders of their 
district, under the suzerainty of the sultan. This 
institution is in greatest force in the north-east of 
the peninsula. The power of these feudal chiefs, 
however, was broken by Sultan Mahmud. 
The whole country is divided at present into eight 
eyalets or governments, under governors-general, 
and each of these, again, into several sandjaks, or 
provinces, under lieutenant-governors. The eyalets 
are : 1. Khudavendkiar, in the north-west, including 
ancient Mysia, the west part of Bithynia, and part 
of Phrygia; chief town Brussa: 2. Kastamuni, 
occupying the middle of the north coast, including 
ancient Paphlagonia, the east of Bithynia, and part 
of Pontus ; chief town, Kastamuni: 3. Tarabosan or 
Trabezun (Trebizond), the ancient Pontus and Col- 
chis ; ‘capital, Trebizond: 4. Aidin, in the south- 
west, the ancient Lydia, Caria, and Phrygia ; capital, 
Ismir or Smyrna: 5. Karaman (Karamania), east- 
ward from Aidin, the ancient Lycia, Pamphylia, 
Pisidia, Lycaonia, and part of Cilicia ; chief town, 
Konich (Iconium): 6. Adana, comprehending the 
rest of Cilicia, Kataonia, and part of Cappadocia ; 
chief town, Adana: 7. Bosok, the central part of 
the peninsula, ancient Cappadocia and Galatia, chief 
town, Enguri or Angora : 8. Sivas, east from Bosok, 
embracing parts of Pontus and Little Armenia; 
chief town, Sivas. 
ANA'TOMY (Gr., a cutting up or dissecting) is the 
science of the form and structure of organic bodies, 
and is practically acquired by separation of the parts 
of a body, so as to shew their distinct formation, 
and their relations with each other. It is generally 
understood as applied to the human body, while the 
A. of animals is styled Zooromy, and that of plants, 
Payroromy. The investigation and comparison of 
he - structures of the different kinds of organic 
bodies is styled ComPARATIVE A. Theoretical A. is 
divided into GENERAL and SPECIAL. 
_ GENERAL A. gives a description of the elementary 
tissues of which the systems and organs of the 
body are composed, as preliminary to an examination 
of them in their combined state in the various 
organs: it also investigates their laws of formation 
and combination, and the changes which they 
undergo in various stages of life. This branch of 
study may also be styled Structural or Analytical 
A., and has been first developed in recent times, 
especially by Bichdt (1801) and Bordeu, who 
have been followed by J. Miiller, Goodsir, Mayer, 
E. H. Weber, Schwann, Valentin, and many others. 
In our day, microscopic investigation has been suc- 
cessfully applied to the study of elementary textures. 
See HisroLoGy. 
  
SpECIAL A. (styled Descriptive by the French 
writers) treats of the several parts and organs of 
the body in respect to their form, structure, and 
systematic connection or relation with each other. 
The arrangement of the several parts and organs 
in an order deduced from their similarity in struc- 
ture or use, constitutes SysrEmaTIC A. According 
to this mode of study, which is essential as an 
introduction to physiology, A. has been divided, 
though not with scientific precision, into six branches 
of study. 1. Osteology, which treats of the bones, 
including the cartilages of the joints (chondrology). 
—2. Syndesmology, which describes the ligaments, 
or bands, that unite the bones of various joints. 
The bones, with their cartilages and ligaments, 
form a framework, which supports the external 
soft parts, and within which the vital organs 
are suspended and protected from injury; they 
are also arranged in a mechanical system as instru- 
ments of motion.—3. Myology explains the system 
of the muscles, which, by their contractile power, 
serve to impart motion to the bones and joints; 
while, like the bones, they contribute to form the 
cavities of the body, and to protect the internal 
organs. 'Their structure also serves to produce 
the external shape and symmetry.—4. Angeiology 
describes the vessels or ducts, with their complex 
net-work and ramifications, spreading over most parts 
of the body, and divided into two great systems: (a), 
the blood-vessels with the heart, a fleshy organ pro- 
pelling the blood through the pulsating vessels or 
arteries, from which it returns to the heart, after 
circulation through the veins; (0), the lymphatics, by 
which a certain fluid (lymph) is brought into union 
with the blood in the organs styled lymphatic 
glands, and is afterwards passed into the veins.— 
5. Neurology, or the doctrine of the nerves, describes 
the nervous system, as divided into, first, the two 
central masses of the brain and the spinal column ; 
second, the ramifications of nerves running from the 
brain and spinal column to almost all points of the 
surface ; and lastly, the order of nerves having a 
peculiar structure, and styled the ganglionic system 
of mnerves.—6. Splanchnology describes the viscera 
or organs formed by combination of the distinct 
systems of veins, nerves, lymphatics, &c., and mostly 
situated in the cavities of the body. These are 
divided into five groups, viz.: (a), the organs of sen- 
sation—sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch; (b), 
of voice and respiration—nostrils, mouth, larynx, 
trachea, and lungs, with the thyroid gland, the 
thymus gland, and the diaphragm; (c), digestive 
organs—the mouth, with its salivary glands, the 
throat, gullet, the stomach, the intestines, with the 
liver, spleen, and pancreas; (d), the urinary organs— 
kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra; (), sexual 
organs of both sexes. 
Special A. may be treated in another mode; 
by an arrangement made in accordance with 
natural divisions, or by imaginary lines divid- 
ing the body into several regions—as the head, 
the trunk, and the extremities. Again, the trunk 
may be subdivided into neck, thorax, and abdomen ; 
and in each of the main regions, several subdi- 
visions may be made. This system of arrangement 
may be styled ToPOGRAPHICAL A., and is also 
known as SURGICAL A., on account of its importance 
as the basis of operative surgery. It was the eldest 
of the Monroes of Edinburgh University who first 
gave this branch of the study its due prominence. 
The several parts and organs of the animal body 
will be found described under their proper heads. 
History of A.—It is difficult to determine the 
date at which this science began to be cultivated, 
but it is probable that from the earliest times some 
persons took advantage of favourable circumi,‘;?nces 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
	        
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