-
1 againsb
1, in 850,
efused to
hould be
ematised,
hope and
; be pro-
provincial
COMMUNI-
. e., from
la Minor;
as coin-
ne on the
amia, not
The area
re miles.
. of the
ler moun-
t plateau,
tion from
1t plains,
anic, and
of which,
ses 10,000
has itself
eet. The
» train of
6000 feet
7s. These
h side to
vards the
ilar is the
outh, the
ontinuous
of Skan-
er to the
tersected
hipelago,
a, Lydia,
y Mounts
highlands
e Levant.
e largest
. (Halys),
into the
1 Minder
Furopean
e of four
titute of
\mer, and
d winters
st of the
a magni-
climate is
al a kind
luxuriant,
the coast
hardly to
y liable to
1e transi-
e East to
he forest-
are seen
st. The
ere there
er of an
and herds
while the
ne fruits,
ter of the
and drier
ouS Taces.
ANATOMY.
The dominant race are the Osmanli Turks, who
number about 1,200,000, and are spread over the
whole country ; next to these come the _Turkonmns,
belonging to the same stock, and speaking a dialect
of the same language. These are found chiefly on
the table-land, leading a nomadic life; there also
live hordes of nomadic Kurds. Among the moun-
tains east of Trebizond are the robber tribes of the
Lazes. The population of the towns, in addition
to Turks, consists, in the west, chiefly of Greeks
and Jews; and in the east, of Armenians ; the non-
Turkish population, along with Europeans in the
maritime marts, have the whole commerce of the
country in their hands. The whole population of
the peninsula is supposed not to exceed 5,000,000 ;
the official census of 1844 made it 10,700,000, includ-
ing Armenia; but this is thought to be much over-
estimated. The political and social arrangements
are much as in the rest of Turkey (q. v.). One
peculiarity is the old Turkish system of vassal-
dynasties, the Dere-begs (valley chiefs), who, like
the feudal lords of the middle ages in Europe, are
hereditary rulers and military commanders of their
district, under the suzerainty of the sultan. This
institution is in greatest force in the north-east of
the peninsula. The power of these feudal chiefs,
however, was broken by Sultan Mahmud.
The whole country is divided at present into eight
eyalets or governments, under governors-general,
and each of these, again, into several sandjaks, or
provinces, under lieutenant-governors. The eyalets
are : 1. Khudavendkiar, in the north-west, including
ancient Mysia, the west part of Bithynia, and part
of Phrygia; chief town Brussa: 2. Kastamuni,
occupying the middle of the north coast, including
ancient Paphlagonia, the east of Bithynia, and part
of Pontus ; chief town, Kastamuni: 3. Tarabosan or
Trabezun (Trebizond), the ancient Pontus and Col-
chis ; ‘capital, Trebizond: 4. Aidin, in the south-
west, the ancient Lydia, Caria, and Phrygia ; capital,
Ismir or Smyrna: 5. Karaman (Karamania), east-
ward from Aidin, the ancient Lycia, Pamphylia,
Pisidia, Lycaonia, and part of Cilicia ; chief town,
Konich (Iconium): 6. Adana, comprehending the
rest of Cilicia, Kataonia, and part of Cappadocia ;
chief town, Adana: 7. Bosok, the central part of
the peninsula, ancient Cappadocia and Galatia, chief
town, Enguri or Angora : 8. Sivas, east from Bosok,
embracing parts of Pontus and Little Armenia;
chief town, Sivas.
ANA'TOMY (Gr., a cutting up or dissecting) is the
science of the form and structure of organic bodies,
and is practically acquired by separation of the parts
of a body, so as to shew their distinct formation,
and their relations with each other. It is generally
understood as applied to the human body, while the
A. of animals is styled Zooromy, and that of plants,
Payroromy. The investigation and comparison of
he - structures of the different kinds of organic
bodies is styled ComPARATIVE A. Theoretical A. is
divided into GENERAL and SPECIAL.
_ GENERAL A. gives a description of the elementary
tissues of which the systems and organs of the
body are composed, as preliminary to an examination
of them in their combined state in the various
organs: it also investigates their laws of formation
and combination, and the changes which they
undergo in various stages of life. This branch of
study may also be styled Structural or Analytical
A., and has been first developed in recent times,
especially by Bichdt (1801) and Bordeu, who
have been followed by J. Miiller, Goodsir, Mayer,
E. H. Weber, Schwann, Valentin, and many others.
In our day, microscopic investigation has been suc-
cessfully applied to the study of elementary textures.
See HisroLoGy.
SpECIAL A. (styled Descriptive by the French
writers) treats of the several parts and organs of
the body in respect to their form, structure, and
systematic connection or relation with each other.
The arrangement of the several parts and organs
in an order deduced from their similarity in struc-
ture or use, constitutes SysrEmaTIC A. According
to this mode of study, which is essential as an
introduction to physiology, A. has been divided,
though not with scientific precision, into six branches
of study. 1. Osteology, which treats of the bones,
including the cartilages of the joints (chondrology).
—2. Syndesmology, which describes the ligaments,
or bands, that unite the bones of various joints.
The bones, with their cartilages and ligaments,
form a framework, which supports the external
soft parts, and within which the vital organs
are suspended and protected from injury; they
are also arranged in a mechanical system as instru-
ments of motion.—3. Myology explains the system
of the muscles, which, by their contractile power,
serve to impart motion to the bones and joints;
while, like the bones, they contribute to form the
cavities of the body, and to protect the internal
organs. 'Their structure also serves to produce
the external shape and symmetry.—4. Angeiology
describes the vessels or ducts, with their complex
net-work and ramifications, spreading over most parts
of the body, and divided into two great systems: (a),
the blood-vessels with the heart, a fleshy organ pro-
pelling the blood through the pulsating vessels or
arteries, from which it returns to the heart, after
circulation through the veins; (0), the lymphatics, by
which a certain fluid (lymph) is brought into union
with the blood in the organs styled lymphatic
glands, and is afterwards passed into the veins.—
5. Neurology, or the doctrine of the nerves, describes
the nervous system, as divided into, first, the two
central masses of the brain and the spinal column ;
second, the ramifications of nerves running from the
brain and spinal column to almost all points of the
surface ; and lastly, the order of nerves having a
peculiar structure, and styled the ganglionic system
of mnerves.—6. Splanchnology describes the viscera
or organs formed by combination of the distinct
systems of veins, nerves, lymphatics, &c., and mostly
situated in the cavities of the body. These are
divided into five groups, viz.: (a), the organs of sen-
sation—sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch; (b),
of voice and respiration—nostrils, mouth, larynx,
trachea, and lungs, with the thyroid gland, the
thymus gland, and the diaphragm; (c), digestive
organs—the mouth, with its salivary glands, the
throat, gullet, the stomach, the intestines, with the
liver, spleen, and pancreas; (d), the urinary organs—
kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra; (), sexual
organs of both sexes.
Special A. may be treated in another mode;
by an arrangement made in accordance with
natural divisions, or by imaginary lines divid-
ing the body into several regions—as the head,
the trunk, and the extremities. Again, the trunk
may be subdivided into neck, thorax, and abdomen ;
and in each of the main regions, several subdi-
visions may be made. This system of arrangement
may be styled ToPOGRAPHICAL A., and is also
known as SURGICAL A., on account of its importance
as the basis of operative surgery. It was the eldest
of the Monroes of Edinburgh University who first
gave this branch of the study its due prominence.
The several parts and organs of the animal body
will be found described under their proper heads.
History of A.—It is difficult to determine the
date at which this science began to be cultivated,
but it is probable that from the earliest times some
persons took advantage of favourable circumi,‘;?nces