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ANCHORAGE—ANCHORITES. 
  
  
  
  
the foggle, on the convex part of each arm. These two 
additions or adjustments have a remarkable effect on 
the action of the A. The advantages of this A. over 
those of ordinary make are very considerable. There 
is less chance of ‘fouling, by the cable passing over 
the exposed fluke of the A., when the Vessel is 
swinging in a tide-way; there is less danger of 
injury from the upper peak; the lower peak bites 
quickly into the most stubborn ground; the A. 
cannot lodge on its stock-end ; it is stronger in the 
arm than ordinary anchors; and it is very con- 
veniently stowed on shipboard. 
Among the modifications of Porter’s anchor, since 
introduced, are those of Trotman and Honiball. 
Trotman’s, to which most attention is at present 
directed, has the following advantages: The arm has 
sufficient length and curve to deepen and set the 
palm at such an angle as to insure its biting or 
penetrating the hardest bottom; the area and sur- 
face of the palm are greatly increased, offering a pro- 
portionate resistance in soft ground ; the toggle or 
projection at the back of the arms is rendered more 
effective by its form and position; and the mode in 
which the upper arm rests on the shank increases 
both the strength and the penetrating power. This 
A. has been the subject of a long contention between 
  
Trotman’s Anchor at Work. 
Mr Trotman and the Admiralty. In 1852, in com- 
pliance with a requisition from numerous ship-owners 
and underwriters, the Admiralty appointed a com- 
mittee, consisting of eleven experienced and impar- 
tial persons, to make trial of a large number of 
anchors, with a view of determining the relative 
merits of various forms and modes of construction. 
The anchors were to be similar in weight, and were 
to be tested in a great variety of ways—on shore, and 
at sea, and in reference to the holding, stowage, 
sweeping, tripping, fouling, &c. There were several 
competitors, all of whom were subjected to the same 
conditions. Every one of the recently invented 
anchors tried was found to be better than the ordi- 
nary Admiralty A. ; and the one which appeared to 
possess the greatest number of good qualities was 
Trotman’s. The patentee naturally expected to 
derive some commercial advantage from the favour- 
able report of the committee ; but/from 1852 to 1859, 
the successive Boards of Admiralty have refused to 
admit Trotman’s A. into the royal navy, except in 
a few isolated instances. The grounds for this 
refusal have never yet been satisfactorily made 
known. 
The weights of anchors bear, or ought to bear, 
some definite relation to the tonnage of a ship. 
Lloyd’s Committee has agreed upon certain ratios to 
recommend, in reference to the large or ‘best bower’ 
anchors and their chain-cables; and Mr Trotman 
has prepared a table, shewing the diminished 
weight of his anchors, to render equivalent ser- 
Vécei( The anchors are here supposed to have iron 
stocks : 
  
Ship’s Ordinary Trotman’s Size of 
Tonnage. Anchors. Anchors. Chain-cables. 
100 7 cwt. 5 cwt. 0% inch. 
200 ].2 " 9 n 1 n 
400 22 " 17 u. 1—2 1] 
700 ot Oh 12 
1000 4l = Sl Tiet) 
1400 48 37 285 
2000 54 46, 21 
The manufacture of anchors furnished, until recent 
years, the most formidable exemplification of smith’s 
work anywhere presented, on account of the vast 
dimensions and weight of the pieces of iron which 
had to be welded into one mass. The anchor-smiths 
wielded the most ponderous sledge-hammers known 
to our artisans ; and the services of a large number 
were needed to weld the metal while in the heated 
and yielding state. At the present time, however, the 
operations are wonderfully aided by Mr Nasmyth’s 
steam-hammer, which comes down upon the A. 
with a force greater than that of any available num- 
ber of sledge-hammers wielded by men. At some of 
the government dockyards, anchor-making is con- 
ducted on a great scale; but the larger portion of 
the supply for the navy is obtained by contract by 
private firms. 
A'NCHORAGE is a due or toll levied on the 
owner or captain of a ship for permission to cast 
anchor at special anchoring-grounds. In most 
instances, it is payable to the state; but sometimes 
the right is vested in corporate bodies or in indivi- 
duals. The tariff varies greatly, depending on the 
size of the ship, or on the value of the cargo, accord- 
ing to circumstances. In most cases, where a vessel 
is driven into port by stress of weather, and does not 
discharge cargo there, it is exempt from this toll. 
Shore-dues differ from A. chiefly in the fact, that 
a -vessel pays duty on entering a certain port or 
harbour, whether she anchors or not; and, by a 
singular anomaly, these duties are in certain in- 
stances vested in the corporation of an inland 
town, many miles distant from the port in question. 
A. is a term also sometimes applied to the whole 
suite of anchors belonging to a ship; and still more 
frequently it has the same sense as anchor-ground 
(q. v.). 
A’'NCHOR-GROUND is a part of the bed of the 
sea, or of a river, suitable for anchoring. It must 
not be too deep, or the cable will bear too perpen- 
dicularly, and will be likely to drag the anchor out 
of the ground. It must not be too shallow, or the 
ship’s bottom will be exposed to the hazard of 
striking at low-water, or when the sea is rough. It 
must not be too rocky, or the anchor will be liable 
to break its flukes by hooking into jagged rocks, 
and the cable to be severed by rubbing against rocky 
edges. Thus, a combination of favourable circum- 
stances is necessary for the selection of a good 
anchoring-ground. 
A’'NCHORITES, or ANCHORETS (Gr. anacho- 
retat, literally, persons who withdraw from society), 
the hermits who began to appear in the Christian 
Church in the 3d c., living in solitude, and not, like 
the monks or cenobites, in communities. During the 
first two centuries, Christians generally thought it 
enough to withdraw from the world by refusing to 
participate in heathen festivals and amusements ; 
but extreme views became gradually prevalent, and 
were connected with a belief in the merit of celibacy, 
of abstinence from particular kinds of food, of self- 
inflicted tortures, &c. The persecutions to which 
Christians were subjected, drove some into the soli- 
tude of deserts ; afterwards, the glory of a life spent 
in loneliness and austerity became a substitute for 
2