ANCHOVY—ANCONA. 
  
  
that of the martyr’s death. The general corruption 
of society also caused many earnest and well-mean- 
ing persons to flee from it; the Ascetics (q. v.) first 
set the example of retiring from cities to rural dis- 
tricts and villages ; the A. went further, and sought 
to withdraw themselves altogether from mankind ; 
and if the reputation of sanctity which was con- 
nected with a life of solitude constituted its chief 
attraction to some, there can be no doubt that many 
chose it in the hope of thereby attaining to real 
sanctity. Many of the A. voluntarily subjected 
themselves to the vicissitudes of the weather, with- 
out proper habitation or clothing, restricted them- 
selves to coarse and scanty fare, wore chains and 
iron rings, and even throughout many years main- 
tained painful postures, such as standing on the top 
of a pillar (see STyLITES), thus displaying an earnest- 
ness which greater enlightenment might have 
directed to the good of mankind. Paul (q. v.) the 
Hermit, and Antony (q. v.), were among the first and 
most celebrated A. The A. were not able always to 
preserve their solitude unbroken. The fame of their 
sanctity drew many to visit them ; their advice was 
often sought ; and the number of their visitors was 
much increased by the belief that diseases, particu- 
larly mental diseases, were cured by their blessing. 
Sometimes, also, they returned for a shert time to 
the midst of their fellow-men to deliver warnings, 
instructions, or encouragements, and were received 
as if they had been inspired prophets or angels from 
heaven. The number of A., however, gradually 
diminished, and the religious life of convents was 
preferred to that of the hermitage. ~The Western 
Church, indeed, at no time abounded in A. like the 
eastern, and perhaps the reason may in part be found 
in the difference of climate, which renders a manner 
of life impossible in most parts of Europe that could 
be pursued for many years in Egypt or Syria. 
ANCHO'VY (Engraulis Enchrasicholus), a small 
fish, about a span long, much esteemed for its rich 
and peculiar flavour. It is not much longer than the 
middle finger, thicker in proportion than the herring, 
to which it has a general resemblance ; the head is 
sharp-pointed, and the under jaw much shorter than 
the upper; the scales large, silvery, and easily 
removed, the tail deeply forked. It is occasion- 
ally found on the British coasts, and is said to be 
not at all uncommon on the coast of Cornwall in 
the latter part of summer and beginning of autumn. 
It would seem to have been formerly more abund- 
ant than it now is in the British seas, as several 
acts of parliament, of the reign of William and 
Mary, regulated the A. fisheries. It occurs on the 
  
Anchovy. 
coasts of the Baltic and of Greenland, and abounds 
in the Mediterranean and on the Atlantic coasts 
of Spain, Portugal, and France, where extensive 
and very productive fisheries are carried on, par- 
ticularly in the months of May, June, and July, 
when the shoals of anchovies leave the deep seas, 
and approach the shores for the purpose of spawn- 
ing. They are fished during the night, and are 
attracted to the boats by fires. They are salted 
in small barrels, and are much used for sauces, &c. 
The Romans made from them a highly valued sauce 
called garum.—Sardines (q. v.) are often sold as 
234 
  
anchovies.—The genus Hngraulis belongs to the 
Clupeide (q. v.) or Herring family, and was for- 
merly included in Clupea, from which it is distin- 
guished by the more deeply cleft mouth, the wider 
gill openings, and more numerous gill rays. All the 
species are small, and most of them tropical. Z. 
Brownii abounds in the Strait of Malacca and at 
the mouths of the Ganges, and is used for making a 
delicious condiment called Red Fish in India. 
ANCHOVY PEAR (Grias cauliflora), a tree, the 
only known species of a genus somewhat doubtfully 
referred by Lindley to his order Barringtoniacece 
(more generally regarded as a sub-order of Myrtacee, 
q. v.). It grows in boggy places in the mountainous 
districts of Jamaica and other West Indian islands, 
attains a height of fifty feet, and has great oblong 
leaves two or three feet in length. The flowers 
are numerous, on short peduncles, large and whitish, 
the corolla consisting of four petals, and the calyx 
4-cleft. 'The fruit is an ovate drupe, crowned with 
the persistent calyx, the stone marked with eight 
ridges. This fruit is pickled and eaten like the 
East Indian mango, which it resembles in taste. 
The tree generally grows in shallow waters or very 
moist low grounds, in the mountainous districts of 
Jamaica and other West Indian islands. 
ANCHUSA. See ALKANET. 
ANCILLON, a French family who, after the 
revocation of the Edict of Nantes, migrated from 
Metz into Prussia.—DAvID A. studied theology at 
Geneva, was afterwards pastor of the French 
Reformed colony at Hanau, and died in Berlin in 
1692.—CHARLES, son of the former, was born at 
Metz, July 28, 1659, and died in Berlin, July 5, 
1715. He 1s known by his writings : L’ Irrévocabilité 
de UVEdit de Nantes (1688), and Histoire de I Eta- 
blissement des Frangars Refugiés dans les Btats de 
Brandenbourg (1690).—Louts FREDERICK, grandson 
of Charles A., was born in Berlin 1740, and died there 
as pastor of the French congregation in 1814. Iis 
son FREDERICK, who rose to be a minister of state 
in Prussia, was born in Berlin, April 30, 1767. In 
1792, he was appointed Professor of History in 
the Military Academy of Berlin, and afterwards 
Royal Historiographer, a post to which he had 
recommended himself by his work, Zableauw des 
Révolutions du Systéme Politique de U Europe depuis 
le 15™ Siécle (4 vols. Berlin, 1803—1805). In 1814, 
he took an administrative post under Hardenberg, 
and, in 1818, held a very prominent position under 
Count von Bernstorff. In 1830, when the July revo- 
Iution occurred in France, he assisted the measures 
of King Frederick William III for the preservation 
of peace in Europe. While, like the politicians of 
Austria, he argued that ‘all should be done for the 
people, but nothing by the people;’ he also contended 
for the necessity of progressive reforms in legislation, 
in order to prevent all violent collisions between 
government and popular opinion. His private life was 
simple and unostentatious. Though thrice married, 
he left no children. A. died April 19, 1837. 
His various writings on politics, philosophy, and 
literature, are chiefly devoted to an exposition of the 
principles by which he was guided as a statesman. 
ANCO'NA, the capital of a delegation of the 
same name in the States of the Church, lat. 43° 38" 
N., and long. 13° 35’ E. It is situated on -a 
promontory of the Adriatic coast, and rising in 
the form of an amphitheatre, presents a picturesque 
appearance from the sea. It is the seat of a 
bishop, and contains about 29,000 inhabitants, of 
whom about 5000 are Jews. The harbour, once 
famous, seems likely to be filled up with mud. The 
commerce is much less considerable than it once 
was, though, in that respect, it is still the most 
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