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ANDERSON—ANDES. 
  
  
  
profession. He invented, at an early period of life, | 
the small two-horse plough without wheels, commonly 
called the Scotch plough, which is generally admitted | 
to have been one of the most useful improvements | 
of agricultural implements ever introduced. When | 
only 24 years of age, he went to Aberdeenshire, 
where he rented a large moorland farm of 1300 
acres. Here he remained for a considerable time, 
devoting his leisure hours to writing upon agricul- 
ture. His first attempt was a series of essays upon 
planting, which, under the signature of 4 gricola, he 
contributed to the Zdinburgh Weekly Magazine. In 
1780, the university of Aberdeen bestowed on him 
the degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1784, on account 
of his pamphlet, entitled Zncouragement of the 
National Iisheries, he was engaged by government 
to make a survey of the western coast of Scotland, 
with special reference to that object. He next 
commenced in 1791 the publication of a periodical 
called 7'he Bee, which was continued for three years ; 
in 1797 he went to London, where he pursued his 
literary avocations with such intense assiduity, that 
his health gradually gave way. He died on the 
15th of October 1808. 
A. will deserve a place in any record which 
details the remarkable advances made by Scotland 
in agriculture and other sources of wealth in the 
latter half of the 18th c. And even in the history of 
ideas he will deserve a prominent notice, as his Bee 
was the type of many periodical miscellanies of a 
cheap nature, mingling instruction with entertain- 
ment, which have since been published. It is also to 
be observed that, in his essay called 4 Comparative 
View of the Ljffects of Rent and of Tithe in Influencing 
the Price of Corn (contained in one of his latest 
publications, Z%he Recreations of Agriculture), he 
anticipated some important principles subsequently 
advocated by Malthus, Ricardo, and West, particu- 
larly the famous theory of rent. 
ANDERSON, Joun, F.R.S., Professor of Natural 
Philosophy in the university of Glasgow, and founder 
of the eminently useful institution bearing his name, 
was born in the parish of Roseneath, Dumbarton- 
shire, in 1726. Having lost his father, who was a 
clergyman, when very young, the care of his educa- 
tion devolved upon an aunt who resided at Stirling. 
From Stirling, he went to Glasgow University, 
where he must have excelled in literature as well as 
in science, for in his 30th year he was appointed 
Professor of Oriental Languages. Four years later 
(1760), he was transferred to the chair of Natural 
Philosophy—an event which, considering his decided 
predilection for the exact sciences, must have been 
not less agreeable to him than fortunate for the 
world. He entered upon his new duties with extra- 
ordinary ardour. Besides the work of the class, he 
was indefatigable in studying the application of 
science to mechanical practice; visiting, for this 
purpose, the workshops of artisans in the town, and 
recelving, in return for the theories and principles 
which he had to communicate, a full equivalent of 
experimental knowledge. Even this, however, did 
not satisfy him. Inspired by a rational philanthropy, 
be instituted, in addition to his usual class, which 
was strictly mathematical, one for the working- 
classes and other persons whose pursuits did not 
enable them to conform to the prescribed routine of 
academical study. He continued to teach this A4 né- 
toga Class, as he called it—with reference to the 
red foga, or college-gown, worn by the regular 
‘studentg in  Glasgow—twice every week, during 
the session, to the end of his life. In 1786 appeared 
his valuable work, entitled Jnstitutes of Physics, which 
went through five editions in ten years. Shortly 
b(;fore the French_Revolution, he invented a species 
of gun, the recoil of which was stopped by the 
  
condensation of common air, within the body of the 
carriage; but having in vain endeavoured to attract 
the attention of the British government to it, he 
proceeded to Paris in 1791, and, being himself a 
great friend of liberty, presented his model to the 
National Convention. It was hung up in their hall, 
with the following inscription over it: ‘The gift of 
SCIENCE to LiBERTY.” Afterwards, when the allied 
monarchical forces had drawn a military cordon 
around the frontiers of France, to prevent the intro- 
duction of French newspapers into Germany, A. 
ingeniously suggested the expedient, which was 
adopted, and proved quite successful, of making 
small balloons of paper, to which newspapers and 
manifestoes might be tied, and letting them off, when 
the wind was favourable, for Germany. A. died 
13th January 1796. By his will, dated 7th May 
1795, he directed that the whole of his effects, of 
every kind, should be devoted to the establishment 
of an educational institution in Glasgow, to be 
denominated Anderson’s University, for the use of 
the unacademical classes. 
ANDERSON’S, or, more commonly, the ANDERSONIAN 
UNIVERSITY, was originally ‘intended to consist of 
four colleges—for arts, medicine, law, and theology 
—besides an initiatory school. Kach college was to 
have nine professors, the senior professor being the 
president or dean. The funds, however, were totally 
inadequate to such a plan, and the institution was 
therefore opened with only a single course of lec- 
tures on natural philosophy and chemistry, by Dr 
Thomas Garnett. This course was attended by 
nearly a thousand persons of both sexes. In 1798, 
a professor of mathematics and geography was 
appointed. The splendid apparatus and library of 
the founder, which were valued at £3000, added 
greatly to the advantages of the infant institution. 
In 1799, Dr Birbeck, the successor of Dr Garnett, 
commenced the system of giving a familiar exposi- 
tion of mechanics and general science. His class 
was attended by 500 artisans, who received their 
instruction gratis. This was the origin of mechanics’ 
institutes. The Andersonian Institution was placed, 
by the will of the founder, under the inspection and 
control of the lord provost, and many other honour- 
able persons, as ordinary visitors, and under the 
more immediate superintendence of 81 trustees, who 
are elected by ballot, and remain in office for life. It 
has gradually enlarged its sphere of instruction, and 
brought it nearer to the design of the founder. In 
1852, the number of professors amounted to 15. It 
possesses a high reputation at the present day, as a 
school of medicine in particular. 
A'NDES, the great mountain-chain of South 
America, extending in a direction nearly parallel 
with the Pacific, along almost the whole length of 
the continent. The chain falls short of the Isthmus 
of Darien, between which and the Atrato—a river 
falling into the Caribbean Sea—it gradually subsides 
into a merely undulating country. It appears, also, 
to fall still further short of the Strait of Magellan, so 
far as the mainland is concerned. But, on geological 
grounds, it has been traced, first along the islands 
that breast Patagonia to the west, and next along 
those that form the Fuegian Archipelago. Thus may 
the chain be said to stretch from the neighbourhood 
of the mouth of the Atrato, not merely to Cape 
Horn, but even to the rocks of Diego Ramirez, 
which lie about 60 miles to the south-west of 
that promontory. The extreme length, therefore, 
is from lat. 8° 15’ N. to lat. 56° 30’ S.—compris- 
ing, of course, 64° 45', or, without any allowance for 
windings or deviations, about 4500 English miles. 
But to mark the scale on which nature has 
moulded the new world, the A. may be regarded as 
merely a part of the sufficiently continuouza;:hain