ana, as it
. To the
ts glaciers
t quarter ;
nding 700
ormly arid
>eru, Chili
resembling
vbter in its
1e: in the
mal, some-
deficiency
7s 3 while,
sufficiently
the chain,
the world,
erval, only
1 America.
have, it is
, situated,
rallel, they
tween the
0, before
elting into
dia, Persia,
-line of the
he Alps ab
the former
ter. Now,
his height,
1d he there
apes, and
nd that at
- for details,
article. In
race half a
b may look
ytato-patch,
pine-apple.
this more
he magnifi-
tlet of the
is fall, 600
zone to the
w scattered
vbural order
having an
1 pod.—A.
M) STOWS
nd is there
I'ree. It is
nate leaves,
1 panicles of
abbage Barlk
mintic ; and
od from the
lace in those
n Bark, the
rINAMENsLs),
es reside in
llied genus
kaloid called
m frequently
iture of old
ntry is still
as a fire-dog.
on an open
ar raised on
dard at one
each side of
d across the
y of the A.
ANDORRA—ANDRAL.
were of various forms, some of them, in later times,
representing a human figure. More generally, the
design was architectural, much ornamented with
e e
Andiron.
arabesques, and not unfrequently with the mono-
grams of their possessors. The ornamental parts of
the A. were sometimes silver, but more frequently
copper.
ANDO'RRA, a valley in the Eastern Pyrenees,
between the French department of Ariege and
Catalonia, in Spain. It is enclosed by moun-
tains, through which its river, the Balira, breaks
to join the Segre at Urgel; and its inaccessi-
bility naturally fits it for being the seat of the
interesting little republic which here holds a kind
of semi-independent position between France and
Spain. The whole territory contains only 198 square
miles, with 17,800 inhabitants, and is divided into
six parishes. The capital is Andorra, on the Balira,
with a population of 2000. Dense forests supply
abundance of timber; there is much excellent
pasture; vines and fruit-trees flourish on the lower
grounds, and the mountains contain rich iron-mines;
but agriculture is so neglected, and the quantity of
arable land so small, that the inhabitants partly
depend for corn upon importation from France.
A. was declared a free state by Charlemagne, in
reward for services rendered to him by its inha-
bitants, when he was marching against the Moors.
He retained certain rights which Louis le Débonnaire
afterwards transferred to the Bishop of Urgel, in
819 A.p., and which the Bishop of Urgel still
exercises. The republic is governed by a sovereign
council of twenty-four members, chosen by the
people, and the council elects one of its members
to be syndic for life, who exercises the chief
executive power. There are two judges called
viguiers, of whom the first is appointed by France,
which exercises a kind of protectorate, and the second
by the Bishop of Urgel. The first viguier is a
Frenchman, and the second a native of A. Under
each viguier is an inferior judge called a bailie; but
there is an appeal from his judgment to the viguier,
and finally to the Court of Cassation at Paris, or to
the Episcopal College at Urgel. In criminal cases,
there 1s no appeal from the court of the republic
itself, in which the first viguier presides. The
revenue of the state is derived from lands, and from
some inconsiderable taxes. A sum of 960 francs is
paid annually to France, in return for which is
granted the privilege of free importation of corn.
An annual payment of 450 livres is made to the
Bishop of Urgel. The manner of life of the Andorrans
is very simple. There are schools, but education isin
a low state. There is a complete military organisa-
tion. In recent wars, the Andorrans have warmly
supported France.
A’'NDOVER, a market-town of Hampshire, lies
in the north-west part of the county, lat. 51° 12’ N.
long. 1° 28’ W. The origin of the town dates from
a remote antiquity, as might indeed be suspected
from its name, which is a modification of the Saxon
Andeafaran, i e., ferry over the river Ande. It
is said that the corporation of A. is as old as the
time of King John. The inhabitants, amounting to
5200, are chiefly supported by their malt-trade, their
agriculture, and their traffic in timber with Ports-
mouth. At Weyhill, a few miles to the west of the
town, a fair is held, formerly one of the most cele-
brated and important in England. It lasts for six
days. The church of A. is a new erection, in
the early English style of architecture, and cost
£30,000, the whole of which was defrayed by the
late rector, the Rev. W. S. Goddard. Various relics
of antiquity have been discovered in the vicinity of
A., such as fine specimens of Roman pavement.
A'NDOVER, a township in Massachusetts, about
21 miles to the north of Boston, reaching on the
north to the Merrimac. It is intersected by several
railways, while the water-power of its streams is
extensively employed in the manufacturing of
thread, linen, and flannels. The township was
incorporated in 1646, just 26 years after the first
landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. Its population, by
the census of 1850, was 6945. A. is famous, even
in Massachusetts, for its educational institutions.
It has two of a superior description—the Theo-
logical Seminary of the Congregationalists, and the
Phillips Academy, instituted within five or six years
after the close of the war of independence, through
the efforts of two brothers from whom it derives its
name. Both these establishments are liberally con-
stituted and well attended; and the latter in parti-
cular, with its revenue of £12,000 sterling, would be
reckoned very wealthy in any part even of the old
world.—Besides this A., there are eleven other places
of the same name in the United States.
ANDRAL, GABRIEL, a celebrated French physi-
cian, member of the Institute and of the Academy
of Medicine, was born in Paris on the 6th of
November 1797. In 1823 he established his repu-
tation by the publication of the first part of his
Olinique Médicale ; in 1828, partly through the
influence of M. Royer-Collard, whose daughter he
had married, he was appointed Professor of Hygitne ;
and in 1830 was advanced to the chair of Internal
Pathology, a branch of medical science which had
always possessed great attractions for him. A., in
fact, commenced his investigations with pathological
anatomy. He presented to the Academy, at a com-
paratively early period of his career, a paper Sur
U Anatomie Pathologique du Tube Digestif (On the
Pathological Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal),
which was greatly admired. Besides, he published,
in 1829, a Précis Blémentaire of the same science,
which met with striking success ; and his Clinique
Médicale treats principally of diseases of the chest,
of the abdomen, and of the brain. In 1839, A.
was almost unanimously elected by his colleagues
to succeed Broussais in the chair of pathology and
general therapeutics, the highest in the school
Here he has shewn the vast range of his medical
knowledge ; but in occupying himself so much with
the pathological anatomy of the dead body, it is
alleged that he has not paid sufficient attention
to the phenomena of disease before the organs
begin to exhibit traces of alteration. Though
actively engaged in his general practice, he has
found time to write several other works besides
those already mentioned. In 1835 appeared his
Projet d'un Hssay sur la Vitalité; in 1836, he edited
and considerably enlarged Laennec’s 77raité de
Vauscultatron Médiate et duw Coeur ; in 1836—1837,
a Cours de Pathologie Interne; in 1837, his report
to the Academy Sur le Traitement de la Fiévre
Typhoide par les Purgatifs ; in 1843 he presegl:sed to
