of bleeding being performed by non-professional 
persons. Aneurisms prove fatal by their pressure 
on some important part, or by bursting and allowing 
3 sudden escape of blood. They are cured by the 
deposit, within the sac, of fibrin from the blood 
—a result the surgeon can promote by obstruct- 
ing the artery above the A. by compression or by 
ligature ; applying the latter close to the sac, if the 
A. is of the ‘false’ variety, but at a distance, if it is 
the result of disease. Internal aneurisms are treated 
by those remedies which moderate the heart’s action, 
as digitalis, &e. _ 
A'NGEL, an ancient English gold coin, varying 
in value from 6s. 8d. to 10s. It was so called from 
  
Angel of Edward IV. 
the figure of the archangel Michael piercing the 
dragon upon its obverse. Angels continued to be 
coined down to the time of the Commonwealth. 
ANGEL-FISH (Squatina A'ngelus), a fish com- 
mon on the southern coasts of Britain, and remark- 
able for its extreme ugliness. On some parts of the 
coast, it is called monk-fish. It is very nearly allied 
to the sharks, and was included by Linneus in the 
genus Squalus. See SHARK. It is very voracious, 
preying chiefly upon fishes. It attains a length of 
  
Angel Fish. 
seven or eight feet; and the body is broad and 
flattened horizontally. The head is nearly round, 
and broader than the body, from which itis separated 
by a very distinct neck; the mouth is extremely 
large, and at the extremity of the snout ; the eyes are 
on the upper part of the head, and are very small ; 
behind the eyes are large spout-holes; the skin is 
very rough, and covered with tubercles. The upper 
parts are of a gray colour ; the under parts, dirty 
white. The female is said to produce seven or eight 
young in spring and autumn. 
ANGE'LICA, a genus of plants of the natural 
order Umbelliferee (q.v.), by some botanists divided 
into two: 4., and Archangelica. 'The species are 
mostly herbaceous and perennial, natives of the tem- 
perate and colder regionsof the northern hemisphere. 
They have bipinnate or tripinnate leaves. WiLp A. 
(4. sylvestris) is a common plant in moist meadows, 
by the sides of brooks, and in woods in Britain and 
throughout many parts of Europe and Asia. The 
root is perennial, short, ringed, and branched S5 
white within, and contains a yellow milky juice. 
The stem is hollow, 1,—5 feet high, often flecked 
ANGEL—ANGELS. 
with red ; the umbel is convex. GARDEN A. (4. 
Archangelica or Archangelica officinalis) is a biennial 
plant, becoming perennial when not allowed to ripen 
    
N 
e 
   
Angelica archangelica. 
its seeds. Tt has greenish flowers in almost spherical 
umbels. The stem is as high as a man. The fruit 
is long and straw-coloured. The root is long and 
fusiform, an inch or more in thickness, with thick 
irregular rugose radicles. The whole plant, and 
especially the root, is aromatic and bitter, contain- 
ing much resin and essential oil. The root is 
admitted into the pharmacopeia as an aromatic 
stimulant and tonic, and is used in nervous ailments, 
and in indigestion and flatulence. ' It is very little 
used in Britain. The root of A. sylvestris is somes 
times substituted for it, but is much weaker.—The 
Garden A. was at one time much cultivated for 
the blanched stalks, which were used as celery now 
is; but its cultivation for this purpose has long been 
almost entirely discontinued. The tender stalks and 
midribs of the leaves, candied, are still, however, 
a well-known article of confectionary, and an 
agreeable stomachic; the roots and” seeds are 
employed in the preparation of gin and of ¢ bitters. 
The plant is a very doubtful native of Britain, but is 
common in many parts of Europe, and even in 
Lapland and Iceland. The Laplanders not only 
use it as food, but regard the stalks roasted in hot 
ashes as an efficacious remedy in pectoral disorders. 
—The powdered seeds of the Wild A. are used by 
the country people in some parts of BEurope to kill 
lice. Several species of A. are natives of North 
America. 
ANGELICA TREE. See ArAriA. 
A'NGELO, MICHAEL. Seec MICHAEL ANGELO. 
A'NGELS (Gr. messengers), in Jewish and 
Christian theology, a class of superior spirits, repre- 
sented as the immediate instruments of Divine 
Providence. As Scripture contains no complete and 
systematic account of angels, the belief of the 
Church respecting them, except in a few points, has 
never been exactly defined. It has always been held 
  
2562 
that A. and human souls, notwithstanding the hioh 
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