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ARNAULD. 
organisation of this force were intrusted to Sir Joseph 
Paxton. As soon as he had obtained 1000 efficient 
men, he sent them out; and their value was so soon 
felt by Lord Raglan, that other detachments gra- 
dually followed, until the corps comprised 3500 men 
in the later months of 1855. The men were paid 
well, and they worked well; and as their engage- 
ment related only to the special duties connected 
with the siege-camp, the country was not saddled 
with any burden after the need for these services 
had ceased. They did not require to be drilled for 
their duties, like sappers; and they were ready for 
work at once, as artisans or labourers. There were 
some cases of disagreement between the men and 
their employers, after the whole of the British had 
returned from the Crimea, in a matter of wages due; 
but this was a question of detail, and did not affect 
the usefulness of the corps. The experience gained 
has been valuable, as shewing in what way, under 
special circumstances, ordinary workmen and la- 
bourers may be employed as assistants to a military 
force. 
ARNAULD, AxcfriQue, a daughter of Robert 
Arnauld d’Andilly, was born on the 28th November 
1624. From her earliest years, she exhibited an 
extraordinary force and resoluteness of character, 
and excited much anxious speculation concerning 
her future career among her relatives. When not 
quite twenty years of age, she became a nun at 
Port-Royal des Champs, where she had been edu- 
cated by her aunt, Marie Jaqueline Angélique 
Arnauld, sister of the great Arnauld. Nine years 
after, she was made subprioress ; and on removing 
some years later to Port-Royal de Paris, she held 
the same office. During the persecution of the Port- 
Royalists, A. A., by her piety and courage, sustained 
the spirit of the sisterhood. The whole family, 
male and female, were determined Jansenists, and 
none more so than Mother Angélique de Saint- 
Jean (her conventual name). She had much to 
endure, but she met misfortunes with earnest intre- 
pidity. A royal order was issued to break up the 
nunnery. The police arrested the inmates, who 
were dispersed in various convents throughout 
France, and constant efforts were made by the 
Jesuits to induce them to sign the ‘Formulary of 
Alexander VII” A. A. was alone exempted from 
listening to their arguments and solicitations, her 
¢ obstinacy’ being supposed invincible. At length, 
by command of the Archbishop of Paris, the nuns 
were restored to Port-Royal des Champs; but for 
some years they were subjected to a strict surveil- 
lance by soldiers, who watched all their movements, 
and allowed them no intercourse with persons out of 
the convent. In 1669, however, was issued the edict 
of Clement IX. for the peace of the church, which 
was a kind of compromise on this vexed question of 
Jansenism and Jesuitism. The nuns received back 
the privileges of which they had been stripped, and 
constituted their society anew. A. A. was again 
elected prioress. In 1678, she was made abbess. 
The next year, her protectress, the Duchesse de 
Longueville, died, and the persecution recommenced, 
by the prohibition to receive any more novices. Still 
Angglique did not despair. She consoled the nuns, 
and exerted all her influence with persons in power, 
but with little effect. At last she sank under a 
complication of griefs, and expired on the 29th of 
January 1684, leaving behind her as bright and 
beautiful a memory as any of her countrywomen. 
She was learned without being pedantic, pious with- 
out bigotry, and gentle to others in proportion as she 
was severe to herself. A. A. wrote several works, 
the most valuable of which is Mémoires pour servir 
a la Vie de la Mére Marie Angélique Arnauld de 
ARNAULD, AxToINE, the greatest advocate of 
his time in France, was born at Paris in 1560. He 
was descended from an ancient family of Auvergne, 
which had distinguished itself both in civil and 
military affairs. A. was not less remarkable for his 
eloquence than for his probity. His zealous defence 
of the university of Paris against the Jesuits in 
1594 won for him a wide celebrity. It was re- 
printed in 1717. He published another work 
against the Society of Jesus, and several tractates of 
an earnest political character. The Jesuits accused 
him of being a Huguenot, but the accusation was 
unfounded, for he had no personal predilection in 
favour of Protestantism as a distinct religious sys- 
tem. He had several children, who formed the 
nucleus of the Jansenists and Port-Royalists. He 
died 29th December 1619. 
ARNAULD, ANTOINE, known as ‘the great A.) 
the twentieth and youngest son of the preceding, was 
born at Paris, February 6, 1612. Although originally 
intended for the bar, he could not conceal his dislike 
of the legal profession, and was in consequence 
dedicated by his mother to the service of the 
church. Entering the Sorbonne, he became a pupil 
of Lescot, the confessor of Cardinal Richelieu, and 
afterwards Bishop of Chartres. Lescot initiated 
him into the scholastic theology ; but his attention 
having been drawn to the writings of Augustine, he 
soon conceived an admiration for that profoundest 
of the early Christian thinkers which he ever after 
retained. It was Augustine, he himself admitted, 
who first shewed him the great difference between 
the two states—that of a nature whole and sound, 
and that of a nature corrupted by sin. In 1641, 
the Sorbonne wished to receive him into their 
society, on account of his extraordinary piety and 
talents, but Cardinal Richelien opposed this. In 
the following year he was ordained a priest, and in 
1643 he published a work entitled De la Fréquente 
Communion, which was received in the most favour- 
able manner by all except the Jesuits, who had taken 
alarm at the virtues of A., and were already attempt- 
ing to defame one whom they instinctively felt to be 
a reproach to their order. As a consequence of this 
publication, he was now admitted ¢ of the Society’ of 
the Sorbonne. ' A. not only replied to the aspersions 
of the Jesuits in his Awertissement, bub also sent 
forth a work which was the prelude to a long and 
ferce contest with his adversaries, Téologie Morale 
des Jésuites (Moral Theology of the Jesuits). But 
the hatred of the latter was not confined to literary 
libels ; they advised the chancellor of the Sorbonne 
to carry the dispute to Rome, whither A. would 
be obliged to follow and defend himself. In this 
scheme, however, they were defeated. 
A. now buried himself in seclusion for twenty-one 
years, during which period, however, his pen was 
almost continuously active. In 1644 appeared his 
Tradition de UEglise sur la Pénitence (Opinion of 
the Church on the Doctrine of Penitence). It 
was a reply to the attacks which the Jesuits had 
made against his Frequent Communion. A. was 
still entangled in the disputes which arose oub of 
this treatise, when he became involved in another 
controversy that coloured the whole of his subse- 
quent career, and may be said to have won for him 
his position in history. Thiswas the great J ansenist 
controversy. In 1640 had appeared a posthumous 
work of Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, entitled Augus- 
tinus ; sew Doctrina Sancte Augusting de Humance 
Nature Sanctitate, Lgritudine, Medicind, adversus 
Pelagianos et Masstlienses. It laid down with a 
rigour equal to that of Calvin the doctrines of pre- 
destination, the corruption of human nature, and 
the depravity of the will. It was specially intended 
  
Sainte Madeleine, Réformatrice de Port-Eoyal. 
  
as a counteractive against the lax principles and 
423