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AUSTRIA. 
  
fruit. Great quantities of cider are made in Upper 
A. and Carinthia, and of plum-brandy in Slavonia. 
In the Italian provinces and Dalmatia, oranges 
and lemons are produced, but not sufficient for the 
requirements of the country ; twice as much olive-oil 
is imported as is raised in the monarchy. 
In the production of wine, A. is second only 
to France. With the exception of Galicia, Silesia, 
and Upper Austria, the vine is cultivated in all the 
provinces ; but Hungary stands first, yielding not 
only the finest quality of wine, but four-fifths the 
amount of the whole produce of the empire. The 
average produce of the whole empire is estimated at 
about 680 million gallons, which is mostly con- 
sumed by the inhabitants themselves. 
Of plants used in manufactures and commerce, 
the first place is held by flax and hemp. Flax 
is cultivated almost universally; white hemp in 
Galicia, Italy, Moravia, Hungary, &c. Tobacco is 
raised in great quantities, especially in Hungary, 
which also is first in the cultivation of rape-seed. 
Bohemia raises hops of the first quality, which are 
partly exported; though other provinces require 
to import from abroad. The indigo plant has been 
lately successfully acclimatised in Dalmatia. More 
than a third of the productive surface is covered 
with wood (75,000 square miles), which, besides 
timber, yields a number of secondary products, as 
tar, potash, charcoal, bark, cork, &c. 
As to animals, bears are found in the Carpathians, 
Alps, and Dalmatia ; wolves, jackals, and lynxes in 
these same districts, and also in the Banat, Croatia, 
Slavonia, and the Military Frontiers. The marmot, 
otter, and beaver, are also found in Dalmatia. 
Game has of late sensibly diminished. The wild 
goat lives in the highest, the chamois and white 
Alpine hare in the middle regions of the Alps and 
Carpathians. Move productive than the chase are 
he fisheries of the Danube, Theiss, and numerous 
streams, lakes, and ponds. The chief sea-fishing is 
in Dalmatia. The oysters of Venice are famous. 
Leeches, procured chiefly in Hungary and Moravia, 
form an article of considerable trade. For foreign 
commerce, the most important branch of rural 
industry is the rearing of silk. A. produces more 
silk cocoons than any other European state, at least 
half a million cwt. yearly; of which 252,000 cwt. 
fall to Lombardy, 19,500 to Venice, and 32,000 to 
Tyrol. 
The breeding of domestic animals has not yet 
advanced to what the home wants require. In some 
districts, it is excellent; in others, quite neglected. 
Horse-breeding is promoted by what are called 
¢ military studs.” Besides a number of imperial studs, 
there are a great many private establishments, 
especially in Hungary, for the same purpose. The 
supply of black-cattle is not equal to the demand; 
great numbers are furnished by Hungary and Galicia. 
The breeding of sheep, like that of horses, has been 
a special object of care to the government. The 
finer wools are furnished by Moravia, Bohemia, 
Silesia, Lower Austria, and great part of Hungary 
and Galicia. The great mass is, however, composed 
of what is known as middling and inferior sorts. 
Goats are reared chiefly in Dalmatia, and swine in 
Hungary. In 1851, the number of horses in the 
monarchy was stated at 3,229,884 (not including 
75,000 belonging to the army); cattle, 10,410,484; 
sheep, 16,801,545; goats, 2,275,900; and swine, 
7,401,300. Nearly three-fourths of the population 
are engaged in husbandry, so that A. is decidedly 
an agricultural state, though its capabilities in this 
respect have by no means been fully developed. 
The population is very unequally distributed. 
The most populous districts are those of the south- 
west and of the north-west. The Alpine regions 
  
and those of the Carpathians are the sparsest; and 
generally the density diminishes towards the east. 
The extremes occur in Lombardy, with 364 inha- 
bitants to the square mile, and Salzburg, with 
56. In 1851 were enumerated 864 cities, 2355 
market-towns, 64,883 villages, 5,297,946 dwelling- 
houses, and 8,218,597 families. The population of 
Austria embraces a greater number of races, distinct 
in origin and language, than that of any other 
European country except Russia. The proportions 
in this respect can only be given from the official 
statements of 1851. The Slaves are the most numer- 
ous race, amounting to 14,802,71, or about 41% per 
cent. of the -whole population in 1851. They form 
the bulk of the population of Bohemia, Moravia, 
Carniola, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, the Military 
Frontiers, the Woiwodina, the north of Hungary, 
and Galicia. They are, however, split up into a 
number of peoples or tribes, differing greatly in 
language, religion, culture, and manners; so that 
their seeming preponderance in the empire is thus 
lost. The chief branches of the Slavic stem are the 
northern Czechs (the most numerous of all), Ruth- 
enes, and Poles, and the southern Slowens, Croats, 
Serbs, and Bulgarians. The Germans numbered 
7,870,719, or about 22 per cent. They are dispersed 
over the empire, but predominate most in the duchy 
of A., Salzburg, Tyrol, Styria, Carinthia, the west 
of Hungary, &c. The Romanic peoples (speaking 
languages derived from that of ancient Rome) 
amounted to 8,051,906, or 22% per cent., and are 
divided into western and eastern. To the first, the 
Germans give the general name of Welsch. They 
consist of Italians (5 millions), inhabiting the Lom- 
bardo-Venetian kingdom, the south of Tyrol, Istria, 
and Dalmatia; the Ladins (Latins), occupying some 
valleys in Tyrol; and the Friauls about Gortz, north 
of Trieste. The eastern Romans are the Valaks or 
Wallachians, styled by themselves Rumuni, who 
are found in Transylvania, Hungary, the Woiwo- 
dina, Bukowina, and Military Frontiers. The 
Magyars, or Hungarians proper, numbered 4,866,556 
(138" per cent.): they are located chiefly in 
Hungary and Transylvania; also in the Woiwo- 
dina, and a few in Croatia and Slavonia. The 
small remaining portion are composed chiefly of 
Jews, Armenians, and Bohemians, or gipsies; the 
first numbering 706,657 ; the second, 15,996 ; and 
the last, 83,769. 
As to religion, the great bulk of the nation is 
Roman Catholic. In 1851, there were 25,509,626 
Roman Catholics; of Greeks in union with the 
Church of Rome, there were 3,505,668 ; not in union, 
2,751,846. The Protestants of all denominations 
numbered 3,130,176; and the Jewish persuasion 
claimed 853,304. The Church of Rome has 15 arch- 
bishoprics, and 76 bishoprics; and in 1851, there 
was an army of 40,516 secular priests. At the 
accession of Joseph IIL., there were 2024 convents; 
but at the end of the French war (1816), they had 
been reduced to 800. Since then, they have begun 
to increase, and in 1849, there were 959. 
Education, since 1849, is under the care of a 
minister of Public Worship and Instruction. As 
compared with other German states, the education 
of A. presents some peculiarities. There is a greater 
prevalence of establishments where the pupils both 
live and receive instruction; also of schools for 
special callings. Instruction, again, whether high or 
low, is mostly gratuitous, or of trifling cost, being 
provided from general or local public funds. An- 
other peculiarity is the sway of the clergy, both in 
schools and universities. The primary schools are 
entirely in their hands. The Jesuits, banished in 
1848, have been allowed to return, and have had 
their schools restored. The number of elem;g;xtary 
56¢