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AGATE—AGAVE,
Heidelberg, and lastly, studied medicine at Munich.
In early youth, he had displayed a strong love of
natural history; and at Heidelberg and Munich
comparative anatomy was his favourite occupation. |
In Munich he became acquainted with Martius and
Spix, the well-known travellers in Brazil; and when
Spix died (in 1826), his collection of 116 species of
fish collected in Brazil was left in the care of A.,
who published it under the title Pisces, &ec., quos
collegit et pingendos curavit Spix, descripsit A.
(Munich 1829—1831, with 91 illustrations in lithog-
raphy.) Led by this work to study ichthyology
more closely, A. next undertook a systematic
arrangement of the fresh-water fishes found in
Central Furope. Of this work, the first fasciculus,
containing the family of the Salmonide, appeared at
Neufchitel in 1839, with 34 illustrations, and des-
criptions in French, English, and German. A second
fasciculus, prepared by his friend Vogt, Bmbryologie
des Salmones, was published in 1840 ; and a third,
Anatomie des Salmones, appeared in 1845 as a part
of the third volume of the Memoirs of the Neufchdtel
Society of Natural History. Beyond this, the work
was not continued. A. at the same time devoted his
attention to the fossil remains of fishes, and during
his stay in Paris (1831—1832), examined several
private and public fossil collections. The results of
his studies were given in his work Recherches sur les
Poissons Hossiles, published at Neufchiitel, with 311
lithographed illustrations, 1833—1842. Meanwhile,
he had been invited to take the professorship of
natural history at Neufchfitel ; and here he found two
active young friends, Desor and Vogt, who afforded
considerable aid in the completion of his works. With
their assistance, his work on fossil fishes was brought
to a conclusion in 1842. During several visits to
England, A. made himself well acquainted with the
collections of fossils in this country; and in 1844,
published a monograph on fossil fishes found in the
old red sandstone of the Devonian system. His
study of these remains led him to examine other
fossils; and the results appeared in his works
Description des Echinodermes Fossiles de la Suisse,
and Monographies d’ Echinodermes Vivants et Fossiles.
In the latter work, Professor Valentin of Berne sup-
plied the section on the ¢ Anatomy of the Sea-urchin.’
A. next turned his attention to the mollusca, and
produced his Critical Studies on Fossil Mollusca,
which was soon followed by his Memoirs on the
Muscles in Living and Fossil Mollusca. His work
on Glaciers excited great interest, as it opened new
views in geology. The results of further study
were given in a second work on 7%e System of
Glaciers ; or Researches on Glaciers (Paris, 1847).
In preparing this work, he was assisted by his friends
Guyot and Desor. In 1846, A. went to North
America, where he was appointed to a professorship
in Harvard College, near Boston ; from which he was
subsequently removed to occupy the chair of com-
parative anatomy in the University of Charleston.
He recently declined the offer of a chair in Paris,
made him by the Emperor of the French. He
has published in America Principles of Zoology,
Jor the Use of Schools and Colleges (Boston, 1848);
and Lake Superior ; its Physical Character, Vegeta-
tion, and Animals (Boston, 1850). In Outlines of
Comparative Physiology, written in conjunction with
Mr A. A. Gould, Professor 'A. upholds the doctrine
of the successive creation of higher organised beings
on the surface of the earth. An Essay on Classifica-
tion, by A., has just been published (Lond., 1859).
He is at present engaged on a great work, Contri-
butions to the Natural History of the United States
(Boston, 2 vols. 4to—to be completed in 10 vols.).
A'GATE, a mineral composed of layers of quartz,
generally of different varieties or colours, intimately
joined together. The layers are often concentric,
and in the section sometimes appear nearly circular
or elliptical, sometimes angular. Chalcedony,
amethyst, common quartz, jasper, flint, &c., occur
as layers in A. Tt takes a fine polish, and is much
used for ornamental purposes. It is common in
amygdaloids. Many agates are found in Scotland,
and are sold under the name of Scotch Pebbles.
A'GATHA, ST, a noble Sicilian lady of great
beauty, who rejected the love of the Prefect Octa-
vianus, and suffered a cruel martyrdom in the perse-
cution of Christians under Decius (250). She holds
a high rank among the saints of the Roman Catholic
church ; her day falls February 5.
AGA'THOCLES, one of the boldest but most
unworthy adventurers of antiquity, was born at
Thermee, in Sicily, in 361 B.c. He rose from humble
circumstances through the patronage of Damasg, a
noble citizen of Syracuse, and received a command
in the expedition against Agrigentum. Afterwards
he married the widow of Damas, and became
one of the most wealthy men in Syracuse. Under
the rule of Sosistratus, he was obliged to flee into
Lower Italy, where he collected a band of par-
tisans. Returning to Syracuse, after the death
of Sosistratus, he gained the supremacy, confirmed
it by a massacre of several thousands of respect-
able citizens, and took possession of the greater
part of Sicily. To establish his power, and
keep his army employed, he now attempted to
expel the Carthaginians from Sicily; but in this
undertaking he was defeated. His next plan was to
pass over to Africa with a part of his army, and there
attack the Carthaginians. This war he carried on
with success for four years, or until 307 B.c., when
disturbances in Sicily compelled him to leave the
army for a time. On his return to Africa, he found
his troops in a state of mutiny against his son Archa-
gathus, whom he had left in command, but pacified
them by promises of large booty. Soon afterwards,
he suffered a serious defeat, and with deliberate
treachery, left his own son exposed to the vengeance
of the disappointed soldiers. The son was put to
death, and the troops surrendered themselves to the
enemy, while A. escaped safely into Sicily; where, by
fraud and cruelty, he soon recovered his former
power, and was afterwards engaged in predatory
inroads upon Italy. It was his intention to leave the
throne to his youngest son, A.; but his grandson,
Archagathus, made an insurrection, slew the royal
heirs, and persuaded Menon, one of the favourites of
the aged tyrant, to destroy him by means of a
poisoned toothpick. This took place in 289 =.c.,
when A. was 72 years old, and had reigned 28 years.
AGA'VE, a genus of plants belonging to the natu-
ral order Amaryllidee (q.v.), and having a tubular
perianth with 6-partite limb, and a triangular,
many-seeded inferior capsule. They are herbaceous
plants, of remarkable and beautiful appearance.
There area number of species, all natives of the
warmer parts of America. By unscientific persons
they are often confounded with Aloes (q.v.); and A4.
Americana is generally known by the name of
AMERICAN ALOE. The Agaves have either no pro-
per stem, or a very short one, bearing at its summit a
crowded head of large, fleshy leaves, which are spiny
at the margin. From the midst of these shoots up
the straight, upright scape, 24—36 feet high, and at
the base often one foot in diameter, along which are
small, appressed, lanceolate bracteze, with a terminal
panicle, often bearing as many as 4000 flowers. In
South America, these plants often flower in the
eighth year, but in our hot-houses not until they
have reached a very advanéed age ; whence arises the
gardeners’ fable of their flowering only once in one
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