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der them more forward, in pots, an{:’.{ plunged in " mo/derafe
ligt-bcd. When the plants are of.xome g‘:owth3 Lht‘.’}" thould
have the full air admitted'to them in the fram es in mild wea-
ther, and frequent waterings, as well as ccafional “faue
from the fun, while young ; and }Vh_& an inch or two h:gl.),
{ome may be planted outqicp::ratc‘ly In {mnu pots, othcrs. in
sich borders, oceafional fhade and water being given during
the fummer-months. In autumn the potted plants }ould i_)e
removed to a frame, to have fhelrer from fr.oi‘h Thofe in
the full ground fhouid alfo be carefully ncl‘dc‘d'm frofty
weather with mats. In fpring, when the weather 15 fettled,
thofe remaining in the {feced-bed thould be p’.autcgi out, and
thofe in pots fhifted nto 1arger ones, to be contmu_fcd ano-
¢her winter, and in the fpring following be planted where
they are to remain in the open gr()u‘nd. :
When the latter method is praitifed, cuttings five or fix
inches long fhould be piaqtcd t_he {pring or fummgw‘ fez;fons
in beds of rich earth, occafional fhade and water being given.
When well rooted, they fhoul'd be remqved into feparate pots;
but by being planted in pots in t}}e {prmg, and plunged 1n a
hot-bed, they are rendered much forwarder. In othex: re-
fpe&s they requive the fame management as the {eedling-
lants. 3
They are all beautiful evergreen fhrubs, effeiting a fine va-
riety at all feafons, both from their b:avcs. bmng‘ot d:ii’i“c’l’.C t
figures, fizes, and fhades of green and whxte,.anu their being.
very profufe in moft elegant flowers, which, though of
fhort duration, there is a daily fucceffion of new ones for a
month or fix weeks on the fame plant ; and where the {everal
different {pecies are employed, they exhibit a conilant bloom
of near three months.
They are moftly of a fufficiently hardy nature to profper
in the open ground in any dry foil ; ‘and if they have a fhel-
tered fituation, it wiil be an advantage, as in open expofures
they are rather fubje& to injury from very fevere frofts; for
which reafon a plant or two of each fort fhould be conftantly
potted, to have fhelter in winter in the green-houfe, or fome
other fimilar place, where they are to be well protected in fe-
vere weather.
The {econd and fifth are the moft tender forts, and of
courfe demand more attention.
In fetting them out in fhrubbery borders and clumps, they
fhould be placed towards the fronts, in affemblage with other
choice fhrubs of fimilar growth. All the forts fhould be
fuffered to afflume their own natural growth, the ftraggling
branches being only cut in with a kntfe as there may be oc-
cafion.
CITADEL, or Citraner, Fr. Citadelle, a diminutive
of the Italian citza, city, and denoting little city, in Forsi-
Jication, a kind of fort, or fmall fortification, confifting of
four, five, or fix fides, with baftions, commonly joined to
towns, and fometimes ereted on commanding eminences
within them. Tt is diftinguifthed from a caftle by its having
baftions.
When the inhabitants of any town or place in a country,
particularly if it be newly conquered, are difpofed to revolt,
citadels are built to overawe them, and prevent all attempts
on their part to fhake off their dependence, as well as to
fecure the garrifon againft any treachery, which they might
meditate, or enter into againft them.
_ It frequently happens alfo, as in Italy, that when a town
18 large and wealthy, has but few or no fortifications; and
when the fortifying of it regularly would be attended with
too great an expence, a citadel is built both to fecureit
againft the attempts of an enemy, and to ferve as a place of
{afety for the effe@ts of the inhabitants in time of danger.
As to the fituation of a citacel, if a town lies in a cleared
Vou, VIII,
Ci1y
and open country, it ought to be ere&ted on the high<ft
part of the ground, in order to overlook and command all
the other parts, if poffible. If the town lies near a rive
lake, that is navigable, the citadel fhould be placed at the
entrance thereof, to prevent the approach of an enemy with
fhipping. And if the place is a fea-port, the citadel fhouid
be placed near the harbour, and in fuch a manner as
command it throughout its whole extent, both for the pro-
te€tion of the fhipping in the fame, and for the fecurity of
the town againft a bombardment.
Due attention thould be paid'in ere@ing a citadel to the
placing of it in fuch a manner, that its works may look
along and {cour the principal ftreets of the town, in order to
fire on and difperfe the mob in cafe of asy tumalr, infur
reftion, or fedition, and alfo to prevent the approach of au
enemy that way, fhould the town be taken. An cpen
fpace, called an ¢fplanade, feveral hundred yards broad,
fhould be left between the works of the citadel and thofe
of the town, for the purpofe af drawing up, muftering, and
exercifing the troops or garrifon on, and for preveuting any
fecret or hidden approach, that might be carried on fiom
the town againit the citadel.
Citadcls may be reétangular, {quare, pentagonal, hexa.
gonal, or of any other figure. But the pentagonal is the
form moft commonly made ufe of. The hexagonal form is
generally confidered as too large for one, and as requiring too
great an expenditure for its utility, or the advantages to be
derived from it; whift a work of the quadrangular, or
{quare form, is regarded as too inconfiderable, and incapable
of making a fufficient defence. The citadels of lfle,
Arras, Tournay, Amiens, are pentagons; thole of Mont-
peliier, Bayonne, St." Martin de Ré, Havre de Grace, and
Cambray, are fquares; that of Perpignan is hexagonal ;
that of Metz is nearly reftangular ; thofe of Belle Ifle and
Calais are quadranguiar; that of Verdun is irregularly
heptagonal ; that of Valenciennes is quite irregular. And
fometimes they are found in the form of a {tar-fort.
Sometimes a citadel is ereéted on a hill or eminence,
within the fortifications of a place. One fo fituated is
well calculated for keeping the inhabitants in awe, if its
garrifon be fufficiently provided with neceflaries for defend-
ing themfelves till relief can be fent to them. Butitis of
little ufe againft an enemy that once gets pofleflion of the
town itfelf.
The exterior fides of a citadel, when it is regular, are
generally each of them about 150 toifes, or fathoms. But
they may be more or lefs at pleafure, as occalion or the na-
ture of the ground requires.
The citadel fhould be fortified in a ftronger manner than
the town itfelf, to prevent the enemy’s attacking it firft,
and by means of it afterwards reducing the other. And
care fhould be taken to make the parts, where the citadel
joins the town, fufficiently ftrong to prevent both of them
from being attacked together.
There are, for the moft part, two gates to a citadel, the
one for a communication with the town, and the other with
the country. The former ferves for the garrifon of the
place to retire into the citadel, in cafe of an infurretion or
fedition, or after the town has capitulated, and the latter for
receiving affiftance and fucceur, when either the town ie
taken, or the citadel is blockaded by the inhabitants.
The citadel generally extends along, or takes up the two
fides of the fortification of the place that adjoin it, and
fhould be conftruéted in fuch a manner, that the ditch of
the place may be defended as direétly as poflible, either by
the faces of -its baftions, or by thofe of its ravelins, and that
the enemy may have no advantage wherever they commence
Rr : themr
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