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For planning and organizational purposes, technical, 1 economic, and time
factors interact in a very complicated fashion within circumstancial (often
competitive) limitations. The complexity is intensified when the responsi
bility for making decisions are diffused between organizations (e. g. , the
sponsoring agency and the working agency) particularly when the socio
economic environment in which the organizations operate are uncertain.
There are generally many ways to approach any problem. There is often
no clear line of demarkation between the work of the photogrammetrist
and the user of the photogrammetric data. The user can be from any
field, such as industrial engineering, space science, biomedical science,
etc. Because of such diversities, each job may be uniquely different
from the other. This means each project needs to be carefully planned
and designed. Such designing and planning are best done by the Value
Engineering approach (see Mudge, 1971 for this concept; see Ghosh, 1976
for general photogrammetric application of the concept), which would
involve four basic phases: (1) Information phase, (2) Speculation phase,
(3) Analysis phase, and (4) Application phase.
While the job backgrounds are obtained and job functions are defined in
the Information phase, the principal ideas are generated in the Specula
tion phase. The basic functions and new information are evaluated in the
Analysis phase. However, actual job performance belongs to the Appli
cation phase, when the best information and ideas are listed, solutions
are finalized, and documentation is completed.
Such a project development, however, becomes ineffective if its cost-
effectiveness is inadequate (see Seiler, 1969 ; Ghosh, 1976). As a result
of its many accomplishments in some industries in the world, the cost-
effectiveness analysis approach is spreading to many governmental and
non-governmental organizations working in engineering technology. This
approach is to consider, first, a cost-model (depending on various factors),
then an effectiveness-model (also several fa'ctors, and finally, the cost-
effectiveness model) .
Realizing the above, ISP Commission VI observed at the XIII International
(Helsinki) Congress that "with ever increasing complexities of methods,
materials, machines, etc., there is a great awareness on the cost-effect
iveness ideas towards more efficient procedures or working systems. "
Accordingly, ISP WG-5 (Planning, Economic, and Professional Aspects)
developed a questionnaire requesting its members to react to them to
form a preliminary opinion survey. The questions are as follows;
I. Cost related questions (relating to your organization/country):
1. In your organization/country, do you use any cost-model?
If so, what? Does it consider the economic fluctuations
of the Country/Wo rid ?
