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problems of data coding and data organization must still be 
overcome which concern, however, not so much the instrument 
technique than the operational procedure. 
The information obtained by photogrammetry and remote sensing 
is to be regarded as primary information (primary data). The 
digitizing of existing topographic, thematic, and other maps 
must in this connection merely be looked upon as intermediate 
step which becomes unnecessary as soon as a direct flow of data 
from photogrammetry to cartography can be organized. 
For the cartographic representation of space-related informa 
tion (i.e. for the production of map originals ), nowadays in 
struments are also used to a great extent. 
In the almost 6,000-year-old history of cartography , the 
following stages of development can be distinguished: 
o manual drawing or engraving 
with relatively simple tools 
o manual control 
of drawing instruments (coordinatographs) 
for the plotting of points and the (continuous) drawing 
of curves (for instance in photogrammetric stereomeasure 
ment/gestalt measurement) 
o automatic control 
of drawing instruments 
by means of computers and appertaining programs for the 
(continuous) drawing of curves. 
The development of manually controlled instruments for the 
(continuous) drawing of curves began (at least in photogram 
metry) with the construction of v.OREL'S stereoautograph (in 
*) 
the oldest map found so far is the Babylonian clay-tablet 
map dating from the time around 3. 800 BC.