WORKING GROUP 7 
BOWEN 
415 
settlement whose earthworks were discovered from the air by Dr. St Joseph. 
One of his magnificent photographs (fig. 3), taken subsequently for the Royal 
Commission on Historical Monuments (England), not only shows that the 
settlement lies over “Celtic” fields but that it is surrounded by other “Celtic” 
field remains over which, however, in general, there has been superimposed 
ridge-and-furrow in an open-field pattern whose arrangement depends to a 
large degree on the existence of high - and therefore respected - “Celtic” 
field boundaries which it was not economic or sensible to destroy. Air photo 
graphs alone, the earliest of which were first taken here by O. G. S. Craw 
ford and W. G. Allen, have made this analysis possible. 
The next stage is planning. We have already stressed that air photographs 
virtually make this feasible, but this is scarcely the place to go into details of 
method. 
Fig. 3. Earthworks on Fyfield Down, between Marlborough and Avebury, Wiltshire, looking 
south towards Wroughton Copse (top centre). Medieval stetlement left of copse lies over a 
rectangular pattern of “Celtic” fields. Strip fields over “Celtic” fields are much more obvious 
in this photograph than on the ground. Compare junction of tracks bottom centre (as earth 
works) with similar in crop marks, Fig. 1. 
(Photograph by J. K. S. St Joseph; British Grown Copyright reserved)