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and the application of photogrammetry to astro-geodetic measurements. He 
also formulated the basic laws of error propagation in long strip triangu 
lations. He was probably the first person to use vector terminology in 
photogrammetry literature (Finsterwalder 1899, 1932). 
Eduard Dolezal (1862-1955) of Vienna, Austria provided great inter 
national driving spirit as he became the founding President of the Interna 
tional Society for Photogrammetry in 1909. He also created the Interna 
tional Archives of photogrammetry. 
6.2.2 Pre World War II Base Developments 
Although organized civil aviation in the early 1900s and the diri 
gible airships (like Zeppelins and Parsivals) and balloons opened up new 
explorations, there was a serious setback by the outbreak of World War I 
in 1914. However, the period between the two World Wars (1918 to 1945) 
witnessed tremendous developments in analog photogrammetry along with the 
establishment of sound mathematical bases, and computational tools to 
provide the necessary foundation for analytical photogrammetry. 
During this period developments in photogrammetry were rather 
sporadic and mainly limited to countries and individual organizations with 
certain international interlocking involvements and implications. World 
War II, at the end of this period, had a major effect on developments in 
all countries. Nonetheless, within each European country postwar efforts 
were somewhat continuation of previous developments. Destruction of manu 
facturing and service facilities on the European continent had brought the 
industry to a virtual standstill. However, during the postwar period the 
centers of evolution were somewhat shifted to the North American continent 
where a tremendous relatively high need in mapping and associated control 
network existed with untapped scientific and industrial resources and 
capital to support the growth. 
The following would give the highlights of basic developments 
during this period. One would notice seme developmental efforts started 
during this period extended into the postwar years, as well as certain 
disappointing events to slow down possible progress. 
Reinhard Hugershoff (1882-1941), a professor at the Technical 
University of Dresden, Germany introduced in 1921 the Autocartograph, the 
first universal photogrammetric plotter and later at the Second ISP Con 
gress in 1926, the Aerokartograph, a lighter instrument of the universal 
type which incorporated capabilities of control extension and phototri 
angulation. Here is an interesting story, which the author learned from 
Prof. Schermerhorn during his stay at ITC, The Netherlands, indicating one 
of many undesirable hurdles in the progress of analytical procedures. In 
1920 the Dutch government contracted the German Luftbild GmbH (supported 
by Zeiss) for mapping several islands and a stretch of the Netherlands 
coast line. Hugershoff applied the pyramid method bv using oblique 
photographs (Hugershoff 1919) and Luftbild applied a method developed 
by Fischer (1921). The ground control being inadequate, both the results 
were very unsatisfactory giving scale errors of upto 10 per cent and azi 
muth errors upto 7 degrees. These obviously created furor in Europe