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of their economic, juridical and social significance. Apparently 
the Swiss cadastre recently introduced the orthoohoto technique 
as the official cadastral method in the mountains; a modest move, 
which, however, could have very positive world-wide consequences. 
These of course are well developed, densely built-up, rich 
countries, and their procedures in establishing a cadastre would 
be prohibitively expensive to introduce in a developing country. 
There are much more efficient ways to achieve the basic goals of 
a multipurpose cadastre. 
Category 11 : These are advanced and rich countries but with 
a poor tradition in surveying and mapping and resulting weak 
university education in the field. They are wasteful in their 
general survey structure and, in general, lack organization in 
their survey work. Cadastre does not exist, which results in a 
great economic loss to the country. In 1980 a booklet of 112 
pages titled "The Need for a Multipurpose Cadastre" was published 
by a group of U.S.A. experts under the auspices of the National 
Research Council of the U.S.A. It contains a large amount of 
data on the consequences of a lack of a logical, integrated, 
large-scale surveying and mapping system in the form of a 
cadastre. The publication refers to the United States but a 
similar situation can be found in other countries. I can quote 
only one or two excerpts from this publication, such as the 
foil owing ; 
"Title and assessment record systems are labor intensive and 
do not provide necessary information about land in a timely, 
unambiguous, authoratative and economic manner... At the 
county level (State of Wisconsin) the form of land recording 
remains essentially unchanged from the 1600*5. At the state 
and federal levels of government, many different agencies 
col 1 ect a_ great deal of raw data without effectiv e 
coordination or integration, thus collecting again and again 
the same basic information about essentially the same land". 
(Pages 16 and 17 of the publication). 
"Some government information is so inaccessible that it is 
nearly "confidential". Ultimately, puolic and private land 
decisions are made in ignorance of the facts". (Page 23). 
One of the consequences of the lack of a modern, multipurpose 
cadastre system is the awesome waste of money on unproductive 
formalities of land transfer. The above mentioned publication 
states : 
"ihese costs (of land transfer) must: be borne by the parties 
to the transaction. It has been estimated that this land- 
transfer costs in 1974 exceeded $17 billion in the United 
Stated for residential and farm real estate"'. (Page Xo) . 
(All the underlinings and explanations in brackets in the above 
are mine.) 
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