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l. introduction 
1.2 Developments in Map and Geo-Information Production 
A growing number of new tools is becoming available as a result of 
increasingly reliable combinations of computer, communications, and control 
technologies of which data base, navigation, satellite technology and expert 
systems are examples. In some cases these tools are replacing current 
technology, skills or traditional map production while in others they are 
complementing those. Sometimes they open up totally new and unexpected 
opportunities to meet the pressing needs for Geo-Information, in country 
development. 
The new technology is forcing surveyors and map makers to critically review 
the premises of their activities not only technologically but also with 
respect to the user. While many new technologies are promising, implementing 
digital production lines that may have been proven in the lab is also a 
capital intensive, complex and time consuming task requiring scarce and high 
cost skills and support services and disciplined management. Expectations are 
usually high but one should assume it will take many years to realize the 
fruits of the investments through reliable and cost effective production 
lines. 
Meanwhile, the demand for up to date maps and other information products is 
rising relentlessly under the pressure of urbanization, the needs of resource 
management and exploitation, the development of agriculture, the protection 
of a habitable environment and the need for security and political stability. 
Thus the mapping effort must go on. 
For the next decade, mapping organizations need personnel to manage the 
transition from existing to new technology to meet the escalating demand for 
maps and geo-information. Sensitivity to user needs coupled to the ability to 
determine for local circumstances the applicability of certain technologies 
and data sources and the combination of those into practical production lines 
are the key assets of personnel who will lead this transition. 
1.2. ITC response to the new developments 
In response to the new developments, the ITC has developed an educational 
programme aiming at developing the leadership* in various functions of 
organizations that are engaged in the production and dissemination of maps 
and geo-information. The major functions in those organizations are shown in 
figure 1.