382 
CIPA 2003 XIX th International Symposium, 30 September - 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey 
3. CAMERA CALIBRATION 
The Camedia has been calibrated in ETH-Ziirich using the 
BAAP-software. Because of being a zoom-camera, its 
calibration has been done both for maximum wide and 
maximum narrow angles. 
For the calibration of the camera, 9 images of the test field from 
different positions have been used. For wide-angle status of the 
camera, 30 of 106 control points and for the narrow-angle status 
4 of 90 control points have been selected as tie points. 
Narrow-angle 
Wide-angle 
Number of images 
9 
9 
Number of total points 
90 
106 
Number of tie points 
4 
30 
Number of control points 
86 
76 
Number of Measurements 
1432 
1806 
UNKNOWNS 
Exterior Orientation parameters 
54 (6*9) 
54 (6*9) 
Tie point coordinates 
12(3*4) 
90 (3*30) 
Additional parameters 
10(1*10) 
10(1*10) 
Total 
76 
154 
Degree of freedom 
1356 
1652 
Table 1. Characteristics of the adjustment for the wide-angle 
status of Olympus Camedia C-4040 
At the end of the adjustment, following additional parameters 
about calibration has been reached. 
llfärawl 
♦261 9 
♦131 0 
0.0 
-131 0 
-261.9- 
close I dR = K1‘R*3 -K2*R-6 -K3*R A 7 
MikroMeter(dR) 
MiJiMeter(R) 
1 .10“— 
2.64 
3.52 4.40 
Figure 6. Radial distortion curve of wide-angle status 
SIEJlAl ÏÏSS , s 
i close I V| F 5300n T' 
♦216.8 
♦ 108 4 
00 
-108 4 
-216 8 
MikroMeter 
vtex-y 
tfax-x 
x-oxis 
MiltMeter(R) 
“1 
2.64 
3 52 4 40 
Narrow-angle 
Wide-angle 
Focal Length 
20.700859 mm 
7.231573 mm. 
Principal Point (xO) 
0.135214 mm 
0.024380 mm. 
Principal Point (yO) 
0.163940 mm 
-0.053714 
mm. 
Radial Distortion (Kl) 
0.000210 
-0.004906 
Radial Distortion (K2) 
0.000006 
0.000080 
Radial Distortion (K3) 
0.000000 
0.000001 
Decentric Distortion (PI) 
0.000116 
0.000051 
Decentric Distortion (P2) 
0.000109 
-0.000069 
Affinity (Bl) 
0.000041 
0.000160 
Shear (B2) 
0.000028 
0.000031 
Table 2. Camera parameters after adjustment 
Figure 5, 6 and 7 illustrate the distortions in different 
visualisation types. 
Figure 7. Total distortion curves along predefined directions 
(red: x-axis; green: y-axis) 
4. CONCLUSION 
The shown technology has benefits especially in areas, where 
restrictions in aerial flights exist. The fast availability of the 
data is also a good advantage. The construction of the platform 
is modified to get a better stabilization of the rotation but there 
will be still a big sensitivity for wind. The result is really fine 
but the big number of photos force big work in the data 
processing. On the other hand the price for the system, the 
balloon and the running costs are relatively small. This 
technology has a specific focus, which opens an interesting 
market. 
Acknowledgements 
Authors wish to thank to Mr. Devrim AKCA from ETH-Ziirich 
for his support on the camera calibration. 
5. REFERENCES 
Kemper, G., Celikoyan, T.M., Altan, M.O. and Toz, G. 2003, 
Balloon-photogrammetry for cultural heritage, in: 4 th 
International Symposium Remote Sensing of Urban Areas, 27- 
29 June 2003, Regensburg, Germany 
Leloglu, U.M., Tunali, E.and Algun, O., Aerial Photos, 
http://vega.bilten.metu.edu.tr/aerialphoto/, (accessed on 12 June 
2003) 
Figure 5. Distortion of wide-angle status (red: current distorted 
image, blue: ideal undistorted image)