CIPA 2003 XLX"‘ International Symposium, 30 September - 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey 
385 
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Upon the completion of excavation work on October 4 th 2000, 
evaluation, documentation, computer entry and storage 
arrangement works were started at the excavation center. Five 
experts from the Turkish team taking part in excavation work 
continued with the classification, drawing, photographing, 
documenting and reporting on hundreds of thousands of clay 
bulla and coins. This team was also engaged in the follow up of 
new finds emerging as a result of changes in the level of water 
and waves and in ensuring the coordination with other teams. 
Turkish teams in the urgent excavation and rescue also 
conducted their work in a very tidy manner. 
3.3 Open-air Museum 
In order to minimize the adverse effects of dam constructions on 
people, their economic means as well as on cultural properties, 
studies and surveys to this end had been started in 1992. Later, 
the findings of these studies and surveys were gathered in action 
plans and implementation. 
Projects relative to the protection of cultural properties in the 
region are addressed under the "Project Package for the 
Protection of Cultural Properties" and they are given priority in 
the annual programs of the Administration. Within this scope, it 
is planned to establish an open-air museum in order to exhibit 
all finds of Zeugma in-situ. Since the excavations at Zone C will 
continue, this plan could be implemented step by step at the 
areas that the excavations are completed. 
4. REMOTE SENSING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC 
ISSUES 
Location is an important issue for the management of 
archeological sites. It has vital importance during both planning 
and operational phases. If the location of a site is unknown, it is 
naturally impossible to take any action to manage, preserve or 
protect the site and its belongings. Determination and 
presentation of information related to location is accomplished 
via mapping of the site 
Taking into consideration that the up-to-date small scale 
topographic maps (1:25K to 1:250K) of the area are available 
both in printed and raster forms, new map production should 
cover the large scale maps 1:500 or 1:1000 and 1:5000 for 
archeological excavations that will be carried on and detailed 
planning purposes respectively. 
4.1 Ground Survey 
Ground surveys that should be conducted will be mainly GPS 
observations on pre-selected ground control points (GCP) in 
order to determine the exterior orientation parameters of 
airborne sensors. Proper marking of the points that are observed 
is necessary so that they can be clearly identified on the image. 
Conducting a leveling work to determine the orthometric 
heights of the GCPs is optional since the geoid heights that are 
needed to derive the orthometric heights from GPS observations 
is known to +/- 10 cm accuracy. Nevertheless, by conducting 
first order leveling to 1 or 2 GCP will upgrade the height 
accuracy to +/- 5 cm. 
In order to determine the coordinates of the GCPs with cm 
accuracy, at least one of the two points of Turkish National 
Fundamental GPS Network (TUTGA) points, which are very 
near to the area, should be used during the GPS observation 
campaigns, where TUTGA is established by General Command 
of Mapping and comprised of 594 points (Figure 2). 
Figure 2. Turkish National Fundamental GPS Network. 
Kinematic GPS supported aerial photography, by which 
projection center coordinates of each photo is obtained, reduces 
the number of ground control points at a considerable amount. 
Technique mainly depends on simultaneous operation of at least 
two GPS receivers, one on board in connection with the camera 
recording the time tag of the camera exposure instance, and the 
other(s) on the ground, preferably on a well-defined geodetic 
network point(s). At the end of the flight, GPS data, collected 
both on the flight and the ground, are processed to determine the 
projection center coordinates of the photograph at the moment 
of imaging. For a combined bundle block adjustment with 
projection center coordinates determined by relative kinematic 
GPS-positioning, control points are required only in the block 
comers if the flight lines do not exceed 30 base length 
(Jacobsen 1996). 
On the other hand, in case the direct georeferencing of the 
airborne sensor could be made possible by operating a 
GPS/IMU, then theoretically there would be no need to conduct 
a ground survey. IMU is the acronym for Inertial Measurement 
Unit, which is derivative of Inertial Navigation System (INS). 
Within the last years numerous tests were conducted in order to 
determine the accuracy of integrated GPS/IMU for direct 
georeferencing, which was shown to be a serious alternative to 
indirect image orientation using classical or GPS-supported 
aerial triangulation. Since direct georeferencing without ground 
control relies on an extrapolation process only, remaining errors 
in the system calibration will significantly decrease the quality 
of object point determination (Cramer et al 2002). 
4.2 Image Acquisition 
Image of the area can be acquired either from airborne or 
spacebome sensors. In case of airborne imaging, flight should 
be conducted at two different altitudes to obtain 1:4000 and 
1:16000 scale aerial photography for 1:500 or 1:1000 and 
1:5000 scale map production respectively. 
At the moment Quickbird and Ikonos are the satellites to collect 
the highest resolution of imagery commercially available. It is 
stated that Quickbird panchromatic or natural color imagery of 
60 to 70 cm resolution depending on the off-nadir angle is 
capable of supporting mapping in the 1:2500 to 1:5000 scale 
range (Nale 2002). On the other hand, accuracy assessments of 
the 1 m resolution Ikonos panchromatic imagery have been 
revealed that mapping accuracy achieved is about 2 m and it 
could be upgraded towards 1 m by improving the accuracy of 
the GCP (Fraser et al 2001, Grodecki et al 2001, Toutin 2001). 
As a matter of fact, the information contents of the Ikonos 
panchromatic images correspond to 1:10000 scale topographic 
maps (Jacobsen 2002b).