CIPA 2003 XIX th International Symposium, 30 September — 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey
3. PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE
Since the development of the science of photogrammetry, there
have been many applications of its techniques and technology in
the recording and documentation of monuments and sites of
importance. Whilst there may have been a redirection of effort
when aerial mapping expanded following the invention of
aircraft, there has been a shift again to other measurement
applications offered by photogrammetry, especially those in
architecture and archaeology. Developments in the sciences of
photogrammetry and image processing over the past decade or
so have seen an increase in the automation of the data collection
process, ranging from high precision industrial applications
through to simple solutions for non-traditional users (for
example, 3D Builder and Photo modeler). In addition, systems
that use imagery from consumer digital and analogue video
systems and sequences of images have almost automated the
creation of three-dimensional (3D) models (as has the
development of 3D laser scanners (Ogleby, 1999).
4. CASE STUDY
The land of present-day Turkey, between Asia and Europe, has
been called the crossroads of history. It has always been the
scene of international exchange of culture, art and architecture.
Since early days, the traditions of the past, in the social and
cultural reflection of various Anatolian Civilizations can still be
seen in Turkey and in the remains of historical cities dating
from the Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic Ages to mosques,
palaces and historical houses of the Ottoman Period. (Giilersoy,
1991).
Fatih is situated at the slopes of the fourth hill in the Historic
Peninsula in Istanbul. The district starts at the shores of the
Golden Horn-Hali«?, and extends up the slopes along the Atatlirk
Boulevard. Retaining walls reaching up to 15 meters are to be
found at some spots along the Atatiirk Boulevard, as well as
dykes and terraces dating from the Byzantine period. These
structures present an interesting view in the direction of Galata,
Golden Horn, and the Historic Peninsula. (Giilersoy, 2001).
In this study the monastery of Christ Pantepoptes (Eski Imaret-i
Atik Cami) in Fatih was selected to sample building for the case
study. Figure 1 show the sample building and study area.
The monastery of Christ Pantepoptes is known to have been
either founded or renovated by Anna Dalassena, mother of
Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118). Built on the summit of the
City's fourth hill, above the underground cisterns, it commands
a magnificent view of the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus. The
location explains the name Pantepoptes, i.e. the All-Seeing. The
church is of the cross-inscribed type with four columns
supporting a dome. Its ground plan is that of a three-aisled
church with two narthexes. Though in a state of neglect, the
elegantly proportioned building has retained the fine decorative
brick work of the exterior, the shallow niches, the arches
framing single or triple windows, the arcade of the gallery on
the west side, the meander and rosette friezes, as well as
sections of the cornices carved with palmettes.
4.1 Photogrammetric Documentation of Monastery of
Christ Pantepoptes
Detailed geometric information of the sample building was
derived from architectural photogrammetry and geodetic
measurements. (El Din, 2000). The images were taken with
Rollei D7 metric camera. The images were not taken normal
case. The control points (approx. 35) were realized by using
geodetic techniques. The control points were measured using
Pentax total station.
Figure 1. The sample building and study area.
In this step the image coordinates and lines were measured
manually each image. The process of tie point measurement has
to be done interactively and therefore is very time consuming.
Together line measurement the object topology was specified
and thereby the coplanarity of the lines bordering a face. This
topological information must be stored alongside the point
identifiers and coordinates in the data set. In our study we used
the low-cost program Photo Modeler by Eos Systems Inc. for
point measurement and definition of topology (Eos Systems
Inc., 1997). The photogrammetric evaluation was done partly
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