CI P A 2003 XIX th International Symposium, 30 September - 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey 
o Significance of building: Significance criteria and the 
level of significance (based on such criteria) are schemes 
instituted by the jurisdiction (city, county, province, and 
so forth) in which the survey subject lies. However, in 
planning the procedure, the levels of building significance 
have been normalized as follows: 
Primary 
Secondary 
Tertiary 
o Purposes of surveys: Purposes are classified as 
preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, and archival. 
These are well established purposes with differentiated 
implications on the required accuracy, thoroughness, and 
rate of survey projects. Explanation of preservation, 
rehabilitation, and restoration draws on the Secretary of 
the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic 
Properties (U.S. Department of the Interior). 
Preservation: “the act or process of applying 
measures necessary to sustain the existing form, 
integrity, and materials of an historic property.” 
Rehabilitation: “the act or process of making possible 
a compatible use for a property through repair, 
alterations, and additions while preserving those 
portions or features which convey its historical, 
cultural, or architectural values.” 
Restoration: “the act or process of accurately 
depicting the form, features, and character of a 
property as it appeared at a particular period of time 
by means of the removal of features from other 
periods in its history and reconstruction of missing 
features from the restoration period.” 
Archival: The archival purpose embodies the process 
of developing records of heritage buildings for use by 
future generations and for study ends, 
o Survey methods: From several measured survey methods, 
only three are appropriated: hand measurement (HM), 
estimation practices (EP), and site rectified photography 
(RP). Appropriation is aimed at usefulness of a reduced 
number of methods with distinct, but comparable 
characteristics. 
o Method technical performance: Technical performance 
has the attributes of accuracy, thoroughness, and rate. 
These are defined as follows (Elwazani, 2002): 
“ ’Accuracy connotes the degree of the conformity of 
measurements to their true value.’ ” 
“Thoroughness is a degree of method capacity for 
recording survey information with abundance and 
ease.” 
“Rate performance is the pace at which a survey is 
driven to completion.” 
2.1.2 Performance Types and Relationships. The technical 
performance types and their inter-relationships are explained 
below: 
o Performance types include optimal, actual, absolute, and 
required. All four types apply to accuracy, thoroughness, 
and rate. 
o A method has an optimal performance and an actual 
performance. 
o Optimal performance requires the most conducive 
contextual conditions (factors) at the time of survey. Thus 
it is rarely possible because the “most conducive” mode of 
all contextual conditions is hardly obtainable, 
o Actual performance ensues from reducing optimal 
performance by the (reducing) effect of contextual factors, 
o Absolute performance is a concept that applies to a 
performance attribute in the first place and it is universal 
in its relatedness to methods. The value of absolute 
performance in accuracy, thoroughness, or rate is 100%. 
The concept is universal because it does not depend on the 
type or number of methods under consideration. Absolute 
performance, say in accuracy, is a reference for 
determining accuracy optimal performances of methods, 
o The effect of “contextual factors” should be quantified to 
arrive at the actual performance, 
o Required performance is a project characteristic. A survey 
project dictates a required accuracy, a required 
thoroughness, and a required rate depending on such 
factors as purpose of the survey, significance of the 
subject, and urgency for the survey, 
o A project required performances influence the 
acceptability of a method’s respective actual 
performances, and, subsequently, the suitability of the 
method for the project. 
2.2 Performance Standards 
2.2.1 Methods Optimal Performances. A method optimal 
performance obtains only in the hypothetical case where all 
(thirteen) contextual conditions act at “most conducive” mode. 
A method may perform optimally under one or more contextual 
conditions and non-optimally under others. Optimal 
performance values are established with a reference to absolute 
performance value in the attribute. For example, the rectified 
photography accuracy optimal performance of 90% means it 
equates to 90% of the absolute accuracy—the accuracy that is 
attributed to some method, which may or may not be in the 
population of methods under consideration (this could be 
stereo-photogrammetry). Methods’ optimal performances are 
listed below. 
Survey Method 
Accuracy 
Thoroughness 
Rate 
Hand measuring 
80 
80 
70 
Estimation practices 
70 
70 
100 
Rectified photography 
90 
100 
80 
2.2.2 Standards for Measuring the Effect of Contextual 
Factors. In order to arrive at the actual performance of 
methods, the effect of the 13 contextual factors on the 
accuracy, thoroughness, and rate performance of methods 
needs to be evaluated. This proceeds as follows: 
(1) Recall the contextual factors 
There are three categories of factors: 
Building factors: height, size, condition, complexity, 
concealment level 
Site factors: size of property and surroundings, 
topography, obstructions 
Climatic factors: temperature, humidity, wind, 
precipitation, daylight 
(2) Breakdown individual factors into classes