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2.1 General Structure and Content of the Assessment 
Method 
In building up the assessment method, specification of the 
context, objectives of the study and competencies of the tool are 
considered prominently as the three major components of the 
study. 
As the basic specification of the context, multi-layeredness, has 
been effective in determining the elemental phases of the study 
and in defining the means of dealing with data of 
spatiotemporal / multitemporal character. Accordingly, the 
common concepts and methods used by disciplines for which 
stratification is of major concern, namely archaeology and 
geology, and the models developed for the conception of time / 
space relationship by cartography, contributed to the formation 
of the method of this study. 
Conserving, sustaining, enhancing the material remains and 
traces constituting the multi-layered character of the urban form 
is the aim of this study. Thus, allowing efficient and sufficient 
integration of the data concerning historical stratification into 
conservation decision-making process is defined as the main 
objective. Consequently, the elements of urban form of 
different periods and the information necessary for identifying, 
understanding, evaluating them for conservation decision 
making played an important role in the configuration of the 
method and its content. 
Last but not least, GIS as the main tool of the study, has been 
influential both in defining the major steps to be followed and 
in determining the data types, format and structural scheme of 
the method. 
Accordingly, the major phases of the study, which are achieved 
through a thorough study and evaluation of stratigraphic studies 
and GIS based ones, are (Bilgin Altinôz 2002: 134): 
• Identification of layers, determination of stratigraphic units 
and their stratigraphic sequences 
• Stratigraphic recording and representation: 
• Data collection, entry and correction 
• Collection and classification of raw data 
• Conversion of raw data into digital data 
• Data storage, structuring and retrieval: Constitution of 
GIS data model 
• Spatial data structure 
• Attribute data structure 
• Stratigraphic correlation, analysis and evaluation: Data 
manipulation and analysis 
• Presentation of results: Data visualization, output and 
reporting 
2.1.1 Identification of Layers, Determination of the 
Stratigraphic Units and Stratigraphic Sequence: The layers 
of historical stratification in Bergama are identified considering 
the interfacial changes, which correspond to major events 
reflected in the physical structure of the town, and the major 
periods defined for Bergama in literature. Accordingly, the 
layers constituting the historical stratification in Bergama come 
out to be Early Hellenistic (Philetarian town - 3 nd century 
B.C.), Late Hellenistic (Eumenes’ extension - 2 nd century 
B.C.), Early Roman (1st century B.C. - 2nd century A.D.), Late 
Roman (3rd century A.D.), Early Byzantine (4th - 6th 
centuries), Middle Byzantine (7th - 10th centuries), Late 
Byzantine (11th - 13th centuries), Karesi Principality (1300 - 
1330), Ottoman (1330 and 1923), Turkish Republican (1923 
onwards) periods. 
Even though these periods form up the layers of the town, like 
it is in every kind of stratigraphic studies, they do not directly 
correspond to the units of the decision supporting study. The 
units of the study are decided upon the divergences and 
similarities of the urban and architectural properties. 
Thereupon, for this study, the units are determined as 
Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Principalities, Ottoman Periods 
and Existing town, considering the differentiation in 
architecture and / or urban form, as well as the existence of data 
about them (figure 1). 
Figure 1. The major events, layers and units in relation to 
stratigraphic sequence in Bergama (Bilgin Altinôz 
2002: 162). 
E X I S T I N G®2 SITUATION 
ESTABLISHMENT Of TURKISH RE PUBI 1C 
> PERSIAN ATTACKS 
<V <J 306- • • ► BYZANTIUM IS CAPITAL. CHRISTIANITY IS I HE IEGAI REUGON 
T*« GOTH OCCUPATION 
Ts 
30 {► lEGAl UNTTION TO ROMAN EMPIRE 
133 > DEATH Of IIATTAID- PERGAMON WAS LEFT TO ROMANS 
It < 197 ... > REIGN OF II. EUMENES 
► ESTABLISHMENT Of PERGAMON KINGDOM 
BY PHIETAIROS 
UNITS LAYERS SRATIGRAPHIC 
SEQUENCE 
(CENTURY) 
2.1.2 Stratigraphic Recording and Representation: In 
recording and representing multitemporal / spatiotemporal data, 
models developed for the conception of time / space 
relationship, the methods of representation used by disciplines 
dealing with stratification, and the structure and data model of 
GIS are considered with regards to the objectives and content of 
the study. 
Information about historical stratification necessitates 
comprehensive information about the urban form of each 
stratigraphic unit and their relation with each other. Therefore, 
among various models developed for the conception of time / 
space relationship, sequent snapshots model, which reflects the 
state of layers at the interfaces, is found to be the most proper 
model for recording and representing multitemporal spatial data 
concerning historical stratification. Although, this model is not 
mentioned as the most efficient model for GIS based studies 
due to indirect indication of changes and production of 
redundant data (Langran 1993: 37-43), it is the most common