CIPA 2003 XIX 1 International Symposium, 30 September — 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey 
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this will generate various data related to buildings and sites 
digital or non-digital from the recent past. Meanwhile, the 
integration of these digital systems in architectural 
documentation will effect not only heritage recording, but 
many other project requirements. GIS usage in architecture 
will make the perception of these different processes in an 
architectural project comprehensible and accessible. 
These opportunities have been known recently in Turkey but 
they are not widely used because the technique and 
equipment required are expensive and the digital technology 
needs specialists and technical training. The architectural 
survey techniques required to document cultural heritage 
structures are limited by the continuation of widely used 
traditional methods. At the present time in Turkey 
architectural documentation projects, the process and the 
quality of the site surveying, are generally shaped by the size 
of the building and the project budget. At the same time 
several projects that are conducted by governments, 
academicians and professionals are employing an assortment 
of different documentation systems and equipment (Aslan, 
2001; Summers, 2001; Tanyeli, 2001; TAY). 
Because of mostly the economical situation in Turkey, 
heritage documentation process develops in long period. The 
groups that are supervising and certifying architectural 
heritage documentation projects should define and require 
the proper documentation systems and create an appropriate 
methodology in order to receive qualified projects. 
The architectural survey methodology that was used in 
Seddiilbahir and Kumkale Documentation Project has been 
revised several times as the project diversified. The site 
survey of Seddulbahir in the preliminary years was concluded 
in 3 seasons; with the practical experience gathered from this 
first survey , the goals of the Kumkale survey were 
accomplished more efficiently. Recently after finishing the 
entire site survey and documentation database the problems 
encountered in the early years of the survey have helped us to 
determine more efficient techniques and a more sound 
methodology for future surveys. 
THE INTEGRATION OF THESE DISCIPLINES IN 
THE GIS DATABASE 
In this project GIS technology has been chosen as a pilot 
application for the documentation of historical sites. The 
GIS project was generated with a cross disciplinary approach 
which integrates information and research from a variety of 
other fields including geodesy, architecture history. It is quite 
possible to add to this information from other fields such as 
botany, geology, archaeology. A truly comprehensive GIS 
should be long term in its planning orientation and allow for 
data from fields other than the ones initially covered. Now 
that all digital survey data has been generated for the two 
sites and a substantial amount of historical information about 
the fortresses has been collected the layering of the historical 
data is beginning on the geodetic foundation. The 
application of the fortresses will be basically a three-step 
process. The first step is to create 3D digital map coverage of 
the site and the architectural plans of the historical structures. 
The second step is to gather all known information about 
each resource (historical attributes) related to spatial 
information and current information about the existing 
conditionsThe third step is to integrate the geormetrical data 
with these attributes mentioned above. The pilot project that 
haa been completed of the Kumkale cemetery, an 18th 
century Ottoman burial ground near the fortress, provides a 
good example of interdisciplinary work that is possible using 
GIS as an organizational tool. (For this see the project 
website; www.seddulbahir-kumkale.com) 
The primary purpose for developing a GIS of the Ottoman 
fortresses is to facilitate the research in the.project and make 
the questions and the answers asked of the collected data 
much more accessible, easy to visualize, and easy to retrieve. 
With this type of information and data management system 
both the present situation of the fortresses and the condition 
of the fortresses in the past can be recorded and the 
architectural changes from 17 th century to present day can be 
determined more efficiently. GIS allows the user to quickly 
query a database of architectural plans or photographs in 
order to make stylistic comparisons and other types of 
analysis. For example, the specific plan of the entrance tower 
at Seddulbahir is not clearly known, but an examination 
through GIS based inquiry of several other entrance plans of 
Ottoman fortresses from the 15th century through the 18th 
century can be made to determine if there are any similar 
architectural components. This type of query can then be 
extended to include the entire plan of the fortress and make a 
comparative assessment of its design with examples of 
fortifications from the early modern Mediterranean region. 
Theoretically, as more cultural heritage projects turn to GIS 
for their data organizational needs, and put their data on the 
web, the power of this kind of system can be tremendous. 
One of the essential requirements of GIS is accurate spatial 
data; hence, the geodetic network was designed and 
established to cover the entire area of the fortresses and their 
environs. Only with this comprehensive approach to the site 
could we produce a complete and accurate set of maps and 
architectural drawings and models of both fortresses. From 
the beginning two different types of geodetic measurement 
methods, which consisted of satellite and conventional 
measurements, have been used together to increase accuracy. 
These two techniques have supported each other, thus 
measurements can be accomplished in a shorter time and with 
fewer staff in order to complement the type of information 
gathered in the architectural survey. Finally, it is expected 
that in the future GIS will facilitate the development of the 
continuous process of site preservation at both fortresses. 
CONCLUSION 
In conclusion, in this project the necessity of integrating 
different disciplines within a cultural heritage documentation 
project is clearly observed. The main academic components 
of the project, geodesy, architecture, and history have share 
and understand the GIS digital database in order to use it to 
its maximum potential. 
The alternative systems for architectural documentation and 
its integration with the interdisciplinary projects have been 
recently examined and used by both academicians and 
professional architects in Turkey. With the rich cultural 
heritage that our country possesses, while the extraction of 
some sites of heritage list in Turkey are being discussed, it is 
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