293 
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lendations for 
procedured and 
data and results, 
on or data abuse, 
mmentation is 
submitted and archived. Before, clients usually 
received only graphical products and 
photogrammetric images. The results cannot be 
checked or upgraded unless an entire report is 
available, containing all data, from field 
measurements and identification of reference points 
to orientation protocol, etc. 
The preparation of minimum standards for technical 
documentation has therefore become an important 
part of the Surveys project. This issue is quite 
extensive and complex and requires a thorough 
knowledge of the field. On the basis of our 
experience, study of foreign literature and 
professional contacts abroad, we have so far 
prepared recommendations for standards for the 
technical part of the metrical documentation of 
objects of cultural heritage. In the report we defined 
the entire photogrammetric process, from field 
measurements to possible products, and designed 
detailed technical requirements for each phase. We 
also determined the compulsory elements that 
reports must contain. Particular attention was paid 
to protective photogrammetric surveys, with the 
objective of achiving such execution of 
photogrammetric and geodetic surveying of objects 
of cultural heritage with methods that would enable 
us, if necessary, to metrically reconstruct the object 
as a spatial whole with its basic elements, i.e. its 
facades. Due to limitations in funding, it is possible 
to produce complete metrical documentation, from 
images to the final product, for only a few objects. 
This mehod, however, would enable us to document 
a greater number of objects, and the evaluation of 
images could be performed later, if necessary. 
Campaigns for protective photography are in 
progress. 
4. EXAMPLES 
4.1 Socerb Castle 
In this project, we developed a system of 
comprehensive structure documentation on the basis 
of a 3D model. The practical objective of the 
project was to produce metrical documentation of 
the existing condition of the castle at different 
levels of accuracy and in different forms. A 
geodetic site plan existed for the castle and its 
surroundigs, as well as an approximate 3D surface 
model of the castle’s exterior. The conditions for 
field work were difficult, because the castle is 
partially inaccessible (it is built on a cliff), its walls 
are made of rock and the surfaces of its exterior 
facade are irregular. The castle was originally much 
higher, but it was destroyed by a fire caused by 
lightning. Additional geodetic and photogrammetric 
measurements first improved the accuracy of the 
existing surface model The consistency of the 
model’s topology was checked and corrected. Due 
to the stone structure of the facades, we used model 
rendering (adjustment of textures to the surfaces) 
with photogrammetric images (possibility of 
combining vectors and rasters provided by 
AutoCAD rl4). A so-called photo model was 
obtained. The mean error of the produced model is 
+/- 20 cm. Certain facades and details needed to be 
evaluated at a greater accuracy, i.e. +/- 2 cm, 
therefore digital ortophotographs were made. 
Digital orthophoto plans are a very suitable form of 
metrical documentation, because the interpretation 
of details is performed by the professionals 
themselves. The use of functions and filters for the 
digital processing of images is an additional help. 
Photomosaics were prepared for certain parts of the 
castle and some details were photographed for 
purposes of interpretation. In order to be able to 
unite all these different products into a single 
system, we produced a photographic-attribute 
database, which was connected with the produced 
three-dimensional model through graphic icons. By 
clicking the icons, the following information can be 
obtained on the existing documentation: is it 
photography, photomosaic or digital orthophoto; are 
the images analogue or digital; what is the accuracy 
of the product, etc. If the image is in digital form, 
we can view it, if it is in analogue form, we can find 
out where it is located in the archives. Notes can be 
added to data. The described contents of the 
database were prepared especially for this project, 
but any information can be included. For this 
purpose we produced our own program entiteled 
FOTO-AT. Finally, we also created a visualisation 
of the model in the 3D Studio MAX r2 program, 
whereby we used standard rendering parameters 
(Figure 1). In our further work on the project, we 
are planning to produce reconstruction of the castle 
on the basis of the existing pictorial materials 
(Valvasor’s drawing and photographs of the castle 
before work on the structure in 1925). 
4.2 Ruins of the Vodri Castle near Slovenj 
Gradec 
In the opinion of Dr. Ivan Stopar, a reputed Slovene 
medievalist and castleologist, the ruins of the Vodri